1.Resistance profiling of Aedes aegypti using intensity concentrations enhances the evaluation of insecticide effectiveness for vector control
Rosilawati R. ; Norlaili M. ; Shazreena R. ; Farah Diana A. ; Nur Amalina K. ; Abdul Razak S. ; Wan K.L.
Tropical Biomedicine 2026;43(No. 2):231-237
The detection of insecticide resistance is pivotal for characterising the phenotypic resistance of
field-collected Aedes aegypti populations, enabling the early identification of resistance trends and
safeguarding the efficacy of chemical interventions in vector control programmes. Although the World
Health Organization (WHO) adult tube test remains the standard screening method, its reliance on
binary classifications of susceptibility and resistance limits the ability to compare the magnitude of
resistance among different insecticides. To address this limitation, probit analysis was performed on
adult mortality data obtained from a field-collected strain exposed to WHO-recommended discriminating
and intensity concentrations. LC50 values were subsequently normalised using a concentration ratio
(CR) framework, allowing resistance levels to be quantified and compared across insecticides. The
relationship between the CR and slope parameters derived from probit analysis enabled the inference
of resistance magnitude within field populations. The results demonstrated that pirimiphos-methyl
retained high efficacy against the tested populations, whereas substantial intra-population variation in
resistance intensity was observed among pyrethroids and malathion. Lambda-cyhalothrin exhibited the
highest level of resistance, followed by permethrin and alpha-cypermethrin. These findings highlight the
value of data-driven approaches for enhancing the interpretation of insecticide resistance profiles and
providing a more comprehensive assessment of resistance status. By utilising mortality data generated
from WHO-recommended discriminating and intensity bioassays, resistance can be evaluated beyond
the binary outcomes of standard susceptibility tests, thereby supporting more informed decisions on
insecticide rotation and resistance management in vector control programmes.


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