Background: Dental caries is a preventable disease influenced by individual behavior, dietary habits, lifestyle, and health literacy. According to data from preventive health screenings initiated in Mongolia in 2022, dental caries accounted for 77.7% of 258,008 suspected conditions identified among children aged 0–17 years. Reducing the prevalence and severity of dental caries in children requires strengthening primary health care systems that emphasize the prevention and early detection of oral diseases and the provision of oral health education, rather than focusing solely on the treatment of existing dental caries. Aim: To assess the policy environment and implementation context of oral health care within primary health care in Mongolia and to identify key challenges and priority areas for improvement. Materials and Methods: A policy document review was conducted. The study included legal and policy documents governing primary health care as of 2026, together with relevant statistical data on oral diseases, health workforce, and financing. The collected information was categorized into key domains and synthesized and compared using an analytical matrix. Result: The current policy environment for primary health care in Mongolia does not yet provide all the conditions necessary to deliver equitable and prevention-oriented oral health services to the population. In particular, residents of soums and villages have limited access through their local health facilities to comprehensive services for the prevention, early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of oral and maxillofacial conditions. The inclusion of prevention, early detection, and primary oral health care within the “Healthy Teeth” initiative represents a positive policy development; however, mechanisms to ensure effective implementation remain insufficient. Although the Health Insurance Fund covers the costs of selected dental treatments for children and pregnant women, oral health care remains costly for other age groups, creating a considerable financial burden and limiting access to necessary services. Conclusion Reducing the burden of oral and maxillofacial diseases in Mongolia requires a transition from a treatment-oriented system toward primary health care based on prevention, early detection, and oral health education. Oral health care should be integrated into primary health care, with improved access at the soum and village levels and comprehensive strengthening of the health workforce, financing, and implementation mechanisms.

Background: Erysipelas is an acute, recurrent infectious disease caused by Group A β-hemolytic streptococcus. Recurrence occurs in 12–29% of patients, and complications in approximately 31%. International studies indicate that age, sex, and skin conditions are key factors influencing complications and recurrence. In Mongolia, the incidence of erysipelas has not steadily declined, and there is a lack of studies investigating clinical and laboratory predictors of complications and recurrence. Aim:: This study aimed to investigate clinical and laboratory predictors of complications and recurrence among erysipelas cases registered in Mongolia. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study design was employed. A total of 165 patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of erysipelas at the National Center for Communicable Diseases between 2020 and 2024 were randomly selected. Data were collected based on the “Clinical Guidelines for Erysipelas.” Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS-26, and ROC curve analysis along with regression models were used to determine risk and predictive factors. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of participants was 50.4±14.2 years; 76.5% were female, and 32.1% were herders. Recurrence was observed in 55.1% of patients (42.8% repeated episodes, 57.2% recurrent cases), and complications occurred in 10.3%. Among patients with complications, lesions were most commonly located on the face (41.2%) and predominantly presented as erythematous-bullous forms (70.6%). The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was 7.1 (AUC: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.79–0.91, p=0.001), and the systemic inflammatory response index was 3.9 (AUC: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.88–0.98, p=0.001), indicating high levels. Multivariable regression analysis showed that risk factors for complications included age >45 years (aOR=1.8, 95% CI: 1.2–2.7, p=0.004), female sex (aOR=2.8, 95% CI: 1.7–4.6, p=0.001), and occupation (herder) (aOR=2.6, 95% CI: 1.3–5.4, p=0.001). Chronic tonsillitis was significantly associated with recurrence (OR=3.8, 95% CI: 2.5–5.7, p=0.001). Cox regression analysis demonstrated that each additional year of age increased the risk of complications by 2% (HR=1.02, 95% CI: 1.01–1.03, p=0.003), while the presence of chronic tonsillitis increased the risk of recurrence by 7.69 times (HR=7.69, 95% CI: 5.15–11.49, p=0.001). Conclusion Cellular ratio indicators in erysipelas are useful for assessing inflammatory activity and disease progression. Age, sex, occupation, and the presence of chronic tonsillitis significantly influence the risk of complications and recurrence in erysipelas.

Background: Dermatomyofibroma (DMF) represents a rare and distinct benign cutaneous mesenchymal neoplasm of fibroblastic/myofibroblastic differentiation. Approximately 150 cases of DMF have been documented in the literature. Nevertheless, the occurrence of DMF on the face is exceptionally rare. Clinically, DMF is often misdiagnosed as a scar, keloid or dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Thus, histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses are instrumental in establishing a differential diagnosis. We present a rare case of dermatomyofibroma that occurred in the facial region. Case presentation: A 20-year-old female patient presented to Sundara Dermatology Clinic in August 2025, with a lesion that had persisted for two years on her left masseteric region. Previously, she had consulted at the National Dermatology Center, where she was diagnosed with “acne scar” and underwent an intradermal triamcinolone injection once. However, the treatment proved ineffective, and the lesion gradually increased in size. Upon physical examination, a poorly circumscribed, irregularly elevated, firm, brown plaque measuring 2.5 x 2 cm in size was observed on the left upper chin, extending to the preauricular region. Diagnosis: A skin biopsy was performed to establish the diagnosis. Histopathological examination suggested differentiating Dermatomyofibroma from Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Therefore, immunohistochemical analysis utilizing CD34 and SMA markers was conducted. Based on the histological and immunohistochemical findings, the final diagnosis was confirmed as Dermatomyofibroma. Treatment: The standard treatment for DMF is complete surgical excision of the tumor. After providing the patient with an accurate diagnosis and recommending surgical excision, she underwent a surgery and the tumor was completely excised. To date, no instances of recurrence have been noted. Conclusion Dermatomyofibroma is a rare benign cutaneous neoplasm characterized by clinical features that overlap with other dermatological conditions, which increases the risk of misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. We emphasize the critical role of skin biopsy and immunohistochemical analysis in cases with similar clinical manifestations, thereby mitigating the risk of further misconduct.

Background: Basal cell carcinoma stands as the most prevalent cutaneous malignancy, originating from the basal cells of the epidermis. Approximately 4 million new cases are diagnosed globally annually. In contrast, schwannoma is a rare benign nerve sheath tumor arising from Schwann cells. The simultaneous occurrence of these two tumors within a single lesion is exceedingly uncommon. We present a rare case of basal cell carcinoma coexisting with cutaneous schwannoma. Case Presentation: A 68-year-old European male patient presented to Sundara Dermatology Clinic in April 2025 with a complaint of a persistent facial lesion that had not healed. The lesion initially manifested in June 2024 as a small, asymptomatic lesion, which the patient disregarded, attributing it to minor trauma during shaving. Recently, the lesion has exhibited an increase in size and occasional bleeding. Upon the physical examination, a round to oval-shaped, elevated papular lesion with central ulceration and crusting was observed on the right nasolabial fold. Diagnosis: A skin biopsy was conducted to ascertain the diagnosis. Histopathological examination indicated the presence of basal cell carcinoma in conjunction with schwannoma or neuroma, necessitating a differential diagnosis. Immunohistochemical analysis employing markers such as S100, BCL2, P63, CD10, and actin was performed. Upon analyzing the histological and immunohistochemical findings, the final diagnosis was confirmed as Basal cell carcinoma coexisting with schwannoma. Treatment: Surgical excision is the standard treatment for both basal cell carcinoma and schwannoma. The patient was advised accordingly and underwent complete surgical removal of the tumor. No recurrence has been observed during postoperative follow-up. Conclusion The coexistence of basal cell carcinoma and cutaneous schwannoma within a single lesion is exceedingly rare. Clinically, basal cell carcinoma frequently mimics other dermatological conditions, necessitating meticulous differentiation. It is imperative to emphasize the paramount importance of skin biopsy and immunohistochemistry in the differential diagnosis and optimal treatment selection.

Introduction: Oral health is an essential component of children's overall health, growth, nutrition, learning ability, and quality of life. Establishing appropriate toothbrushing habits during early childhood requires both effective oral health education and a supportive school environment. This study aimed to assess oral health knowledge among second-grade primary school students and examine its relationship with dental caries prevalence and the availability of school toothbrushing facilities. Goal: To evaluate oral health knowledge among second-grade students in selected public primary schools in Ulaanbaatar and determine its association with dental caries prevalence, sex, and the school toothbrushing environment. Materials and Methods: A school-based cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in May 2026 among 971 second-grade students from 12 public primary schools in Khan-Uul, Chingeltei, and Bayanzurkh districts of Ulaanbaatar. Schools with and without designated toothbrushing facilities were selected using a 1:2 ratio. Oral health knowledge was assessed using a structured questionnaire consisting of 10 questions covering daily oral hygiene, toothbrushing practices, dietary factors, and preventive care. Dental caries were assessed through clinical oral examinations. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Chi-square test, and Odds Ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals. The study was conducted with the approval of the Research Ethics Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS), under Approval No. 26/03, issued in 2026. Results: Overall, 74.77% of students had dental caries, indicating a high prevalence. No statistically significant difference in caries prevalence was observed between boys and girls. Students attending schools equipped with toothbrushing facilities had a significantly lower prevalence of dental caries than those attending schools without such facilities (OR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.42 0.76). Regarding oral health knowledge, 59.84% of students demonstrated poor knowledge, 37.88% moderate knowledge, and only 2.88% good knowledge. Students showed relatively good knowledge of cariogenic foods and recommended toothbrush replacement intervals; however, knowledge of proper toothbrushing techniques, appropriate toothbrush selection, and the importance of preventive dental visits remained insufficient. Conclusion Most second-grade students had inadequate oral health knowledge and a high prevalence of dental caries. School toothbrushing facilities were associated with a lower risk of dental caries. Strengthening practical school-based oral health education, establishing standardized toothbrushing facilities, and integrating regular preventive dental examinations into school health programs may contribute to improving children's oral health and reducing dental caries.

Background: The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Mongolia was reported on November 11, 2020. In response, the government imposed a nationwide lockdown, which significantly impacted the population’s mental health. Heightened levels of stress, anxiety, loneliness, and depression during the pandemic altered individuals’ psychological stability and behavior. Personality traits—defined as relatively stable patterns of emotion, cognition, and behavior—play a key role in stress responses and emotional regulation under pressure. Emerging evidence suggests that these psychological factors may influence the immune system’s responsiveness, including vaccine-induced antibody production. Aim: To evaluate the association between post-vaccination antibody responses and personality types following two doses of COVID-19 vaccines. Materials and Methods: A total of 738 participants who received two doses of COVID-19 vaccines (AstraZeneca ChAdOx1, n=29; Pfizer-BioNTech, n=119; Sinopharm BBIBP, n=590) and had no prior SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled. Serum samples were collected 21–28 days after the second dose, and SARS-CoV-2 RBD (S) IgG antibodies were measured using ELISA (Proteintech Inc., USA). Personality types were assessed using a 56-item temperament questionnaire developed by A. Belov, categorizing individuals into classical temperament types (choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine, melancholic). Logistic regression and ROC analysis were used to examine associations between personality types and antibody response. Results: The presence of an antibody response was significantly higher among individuals with a melancholic temperament, and significantly lower among those with a phlegmatic temperament. Furthermore, antibody titers were higher in participants with melancholic and sanguine temperaments and lower in those with a phlegmatic type. Conclusions 1. During the early period following the second dose of COVID-19 vaccination, the antibody response was higher in individuals with a pure melancholic temperament, while it was lower in those with a phlegmatic temperament. 2. After the second dose of the Sinopharm BBIBP COVID-19 vaccine, antibody titers were higher in individuals with pure melancholic and sanguine temperaments, and lower in those with a phlegmatic temperament.

Introduction: Vaccination is a cost-effective intervention to prevent major illnesses that contribute to child mortality in the country. Increase in parental knowledge abour vaccination will lead to increase in vaccination rates of children. The main aim of our study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of vaccination. People’s knowledge about immunization and their attitudes toward them are likely influence uptake. Goal: The main purpose of the study is to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of the population towards measles and to clarify their satisfaction and understanding of the measles immunization program. Materials and Methods: We conducted cross-sectional study, involved participants from 3 aimags and 6 districts covered voluntarily. Total participants were 509. We used to online model and with the participant’s self-answer closed questionnaire. Results: 76% of the respondents were female and 24% were male. 64.1% of respondents who have children of 0 to 5 years of age, had little or bad knowledge towards immunization schedules against measles. Overall, the general attitude towards vaccines was positive, but the knowledge about significance of vaccines was weak. Further, district and province family doctors need to pay particular attention to increasing awareness and knowledge on importance of vaccines among families with young children. It is necessary to conduct extensive, long-term research and training among population to evaluate their knowledge and attitude towards measles, its vaccine and prevention, and to identify causes of lack of knowledge. Conclusion Our study shows the importance of good physician–patient communication in improving knowledge attitude and practice of parents towards their children’s vaccination.

Introduction: Researchers have found that people living in polluted areas have a lower ability to resist skin bacteria and increase the number of skin microflora. Decreased immune function increases the risk of sore throat, influenza, respiratory infections, pneumonia and gastrointestinal diseases. One of the main indicators of the human immune system is the normal microflora. Goal: To study the relationship between normal human microflora and specific immunity. Material and Methods: This study was conducted within the framework of the project “Effects of non-specific immune factors on injectable infectious disease immune system”. The survey sampled 10 households from Dornod aimag, 8th khoroo of Chingeltei district, Ulaanbaatar city, and 3rd khoroo of Baganuur district. A total of 176 people aged 6 months to 50 years were involved. A total of 528 swab samples and 31 blood samples were collected from the throat, tonsils, skin and mucous membranes to study the relationship between normal human microflora and specific immunity.
The research methodology was discussed at the meeting of the Academic Council of the Ministry of Social Welfare and the Medical Ethics Review Committee under the Ministry of Health (January 5, 2018, Resolution 646) and the research was approved. Results: The total number of normal microorganisms in the skin and mucous membranes of the study participants changed, and the number of hemolytic strains and fungi increased. 58%-67% of the participants had normal and long-term immunity against diphtheria and tetanus, while 5% -14% were not. This result was as high as in urban and rural areas. Conclusion This result was as high as in urban and rural areas. As the age group increases, the level of the body’s specific immunity decreases, the structure of the normal microflora changes, and the number of fungi and hemolytic bacteria increases. Furthermore, it is necessary to study specific and nonspecific immunity in detail in relation to environmental pollution indicators.