Introduction: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder that significantly affects adolescent girls, particularly those with overweight or obesity. However, data examining the determinants and metabolic profiles of PCOS among adolescents with overweight and obesity remain limited, especially in Malaysia. This protocol describes a case-control study investigating the cardiometabolic, dietary, and psychosocial determinants of PCOS among adolescents with overweight and obesity. Methodology: This study is designed as a case-control study involving adolescent girls aged 13–16 years with a body mass index z-score >+1 standard deviation. Cases are defined as adolescent girls with a confirmed diagnosis of PCOS based on the recommendations of the 2017 International Consortium of Paediatric Endocrinology (ICPE), while controls are those who do not meet the diagnostic criteria for PCOS. A total sample size of 440 participants is required. Participants will be recruited from 22 secondary schools selected from a list of schools in Kuala Lumpur. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, psychosocial health, physical activity, and dietary intake will be collected using structured questionnaires. Blood samples will be obtained and analyzed for diagnostic testing (free testosterone), exclusion tests (thyroid-stimulating hormone, folliclestimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, prolactin, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate), and biochemical parameters (liver function tests, lipid profile, hemoglobin A1c, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and inflammatory markers). Results: The study is expected to generate comprehensive data on the cardiometabolic, dietary, and psychosocial determinants of PCOS among adolescents with overweight and obesity. The findings will inform early screening strategies and targeted interventions aimed at reducing long-term reproductive and cardiometabolic complications. Conclusion This protocol outlines a structured approach to investigating PCOS in adolescence and addresses current gaps in early identification and risk stratification among highrisk populations.
Adolescent ; Humans ; Case-Control Studies ; Overweight ; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ; Obesity

A Case Report of 46 XY Partial Gonadal Dysgenesis with Dual Gonadal Tumours 46XY gonadal dysgenesis is known as a disorder of sex development (DSD) that occurs due to abnormality in gonadal development. There is a conflict between one’s genotype, phenotype, and gonadal development, which influences the wide range of presentation and clinical appearance of 46XY females. This was a case of a 46XY female who presented with primary amenorrhea with delayed puberty at the age of 18 years old. She had ambiguous genitalia. Her breast and pubic hair were at Tanner Stage 2. Transabdominal ultrasound found a small uterus with a vagina; however, the gonads were not seen. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a 20mm right gonad located extra-pelvis near the right iliac vessels while the 9mm streak left gonad was at the usual location next to the sigmoid colon. All her tumour markers were normal except lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was elevated. She was given estrogen therapy for pubertal induction and underwent laparoscopy prophylactic bilateral gonadectomy. The intraoperative findings were similar to the MRI findings, and the histopathology examination (HPE) results showed left gonadoblastoma and right dysgerminoma FIGO stage 1A. She continued taking estrogen therapy until she had withdrawal bleeding, and oral progesterone was added. 46XY-DSD has high risk of developing germ cell tumour and requires prophylactic gonadectomy as soon as the diagnosis is established. However, delay in presentation and surgery may affect the outcomes and prognosis.