Tissue-resident macrophages (TRMs) are innate immune cells located in most tissues and organs of the human body, and are independent of peripheral circulation and capable of self-renewal. They are highly heterogeneous, with different origins, phenotypes, and functions in different tissues. As the important reproductive organs in human, the testis and ovary contain a highly complicated reproductive-endocrine-immune regulatory network. TRMs can interact with a variety of cells in the gonadal tissue. The gonad-specific microenvironment could confer the tissue-specific regional immune identities and functional remodeling to TRMs. Meanwhile, the TRMs are adapted to maintain gonad homeostasis and regulate gametes development and steroidogenesis. In this review, we reviewed the origin, phenotype, polarization, subgroup classification, and other regional immune characteristics of TRMs in testis and ovary, and discussed the important role of TRMs in maintaining gonadal tissue homeostasis and regulating reproductive endocrine function.

Tissue-resident macrophages (TRMs) are innate immune cells located in most tissues and organs of the human body, and are independent of peripheral circulation and capable of self-renewal. They are highly heterogeneous, with different origins, phenotypes, and functions in different tissues. As the important reproductive organs in human, the testis and ovary contain a highly complicated reproductive-endocrine-immune regulatory network. TRMs can interact with a variety of cells in the gonadal tissue. The gonad-specific microenvironment could confer the tissue-specific regional immune identities and functional remodeling to TRMs. Meanwhile, the TRMs are adapted to maintain gonad homeostasis and regulate gametes development and steroidogenesis. In this review, we reviewed the origin, phenotype, polarization, subgroup classification, and other regional immune characteristics of TRMs in testis and ovary, and discussed the important role of TRMs in maintaining gonadal tissue homeostasis and regulating reproductive endocrine function.

Objective To evaluate clinical value of double contrast-enhanced ultrasonography(DCUS)in diagnosing gastric stromal tumors(GST). Methods The medical records of 26 patients with a histological diagnosis of GST were retrospectively reviewed. The correlation between DCUS features and pathological findings of the lesions was compared. Results Total 26 cases of GST were divided into low risk group( 16 cases) and high risk group (10 cases). The size,contour,liquefactive necrosis and enhancement distribution of lesions were markedly correlated with the pathobiologic behaviour of the tumor ( P ＜0.05). There was no significant difference in border and metastasis of lesions between two groups( P ＞0.05). It was shown that DCUS supplied statistically significant improvement in the localization diagnosis and detection of liquefactive necrosis versus oral contrast-enhanced ultrasonography ( P ＜ 0.05 ). Conclusions DCUS is considered as a valuable tool in diagnosing location as well as pathobiological behaviour of GST. It can provide the guidance and reference comments for treatment algorithms.

usions DCUS could initial estimate the pathological typing of advanced gastric caner before operation.