Falsifiability, according to the philosopher Karl Popper, defines the inherent testability of any scientific hypothesis. Falsifiability is the assertion that for any hypothesis to have credence, it must be inherently disprovable before it can become accepted as a scientific hypothesis or theory. The idea is that no theory is completely correct, but if it can be shown both to be falsifiable and supported with evidence that shows it’s true, it can be accepted as truth. For example, Newton’s Theory of Gravity was accepted as truth for centuries, because objects do not randomly float away from the earth. It appeared to fit the data obtained by experimentation and research but was always subject to testing.
Compare and contrast Popper’s Theory of Falsifiability and Kuhn’s Theory of Paradigms. Popper’s theory of falsifiability and Kuhn’s theory of paradigms have some significant differences, although they both argue for falsification as the general research method for all scientific disciplines. In Kuhn’s view, this is not possible, since any research and knowledge is subjective, it is influenced by the scientist’s paradigm. But here, a scientist can interpret social behavior on a large scale and from within a specific worldview, a way that is not open to Popper. The opportunity to find the truth about social reality comes at the expense of explanatory power.
According to Popper’s Theory of Falsifiability and Kuhn’s Theory of Paradigms, a new paradigm containing progress, and unique opinions can be seen on pages of “The Mongolian Four Medical Tantras” written by Sumbe khamba Ishbaljir, and “Satisfaction for the Readers” or Uzegsdiin Bayasgalan by Jigmeddanzanjamts and “Secrets of Prescription Recipes” or Uvidasyn Dalai by Mindol Jambal. These scholars reflected new concepts that were not specifically clear in the “Four Medical Tantras” such as warm and cold diseases which were the basis to categorize cold and common diseases and treat them differently, and the theoretical and practical understanding of the categorization of infectious diseases, in their book. In order to clarify their paradigm, let’s refer to some historical pages.
Not every scientific progress result in revolution. However, I would like to note that a laggard period with weak mental development is ended by an intellectual outburst. In other words, although in the 17th century Mongols accepted Tibetan medicine within the frame of the “Four Medical Tantras” with recognition and a common scientific mind, later in the 18th century they thought beyond the box of the “Four Medical Tantras” and created the opportunity to develop a new paradigm. This shift made a valuable contribution to the establishment of, in the broader sense, Mongolian medicine and, in the smaller sense, Traditional Mongolian Medicine.

Background: In the frame of this research, we used the medical sutra written by Jambaldorj as the main material in order to clarify the specialty and number of mineral-oriented medicines in the “mdzes mtshar mig rgyan”. During the research, it was possible to clarify the structure, general content, and specialty of the sutra written by Jambaldorj, classify mineral-oriented medicines according to the cyrillic alphabet, and make allegory names for some of the raw materials of mineral origin. In addition, the study of mineral oriented medicines in the sutra showed that many issues were important, such as their identification, usages, and new production. As a result of the first study, we identified the characteristics and usages of some essential mineral-oriented medicines. Materials: Medical sutra written by Jambaldorj. “Beautifully wondrous eye ornament.” Method: We used manuscript, primary source methods, hermeneutic method, and checklist method. Conclusion A selection of 112 mineral-oriented medicines from the book “mdzes mtshar mig rgyan” was made. In this way, it is possible to interpret and explain the hidden meanings of mineral-oriented medicines in this sutra, and to determine the usages of pharmacology and drug formulations.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and mortality has been one of the pressing issues in the health sector of our country. In Mongolia, 2 people out of 1000 people developed tuberculosis annually, which leads to becoming one of the 7 countries with high TB morbidity among 37 countries of the Western Pacifi c Region.OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to have the baseline to understand and measure knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding tuberculosis among non-tuberculosis health care workers including family group practitioners, nurses and specialized doctors at the primary, secondary and tertiary health care level of Mongolia.MATERIALS AND METHOD: Cross-sectional descriptive qualitative study. Self-admitted questionnaire were performed for 572 health care workers. Total of 4 aimags/provinces and 3 districts were randomly selected. Selenge, Darkhan-Uul, and Khentii aimags are regions with high tuberculosis burden, Dornogobi and Orkhon aimags are with low Tuberculosis incidence and prevalence in 2008.Altogether 572 doctors and health professionals from selected health facilities were involved in survey questionnaire and 39.9% (228 people) of respondents were working at the primary level, 31.3% (179 people) in secondary level, and 28.8% (165 people) in the tertiary level health facility, respectively. Altogether 23 focus group discussions were organized, involving 130 people.RESULTS: Around 98.6% of respondents answered that TB is spread when infected person coughs and sneezes. However, one of every three respondents answered TB can be transmitted when sharing cups, dishes and other cooking utensils with the infected person, one in every ten people–shaking hands with the infected person, and one in every four people–through mother to child transmission. Such misconception is common among the health professionals, especially among nurses of the secondary and tertiary level health facilities. Around 47.6% or 272 people answered correctly that TB patients have symptoms such as coughing for 2 weeks and longer, develop sputum with blood traces, fever and sweating during night sleep, and loss of weight. However, there is some misunderstanding among the doctors and nurses such as there are skin rashes. When doctors and nurses where asked which form of TB is the infectious one, 86.9% answered correctly that TB with positive smear test is infectious. On assessing the knowledge, attitude and practice on TB treatment, about 93.4% of the respondents answered that treatment shall be done by anti-TB drugs and this result is equally strong among health professionals at all service delivery levels (p=0.075). However, there are some misconceptions among the nurses that TB patients should buy anti-TB drugs from the pharmacies, try traditional medicines and follow religious rituals. This should be paid further attention and issues covering TB should be included in their curriculum. Every second person knows the treatment continuation period of drug susceptible TB patient, which is relatively low knowledge level. According to survey results, every second person knows what DOTS stand for. In other words, 55.4% of the respondents identifi ed correctly what is DOTS, and 13.8% answered that it is a combination of anti-TB drugs, 3 .3% - as TB treatment method, 5.6% - as combination of TB reduction measures, and 2.2% answered that they don’t know.CONCLUSION: Many misunderstandings were found in the fi eld of transmission, BCG vaccination, treatment and anti-TB drugs. There is a need to provide training for non-TB medical doctors and nurses.