Background: People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at increased risk of developing opportunistic infections and malignancies due to immunosuppression. Among these, Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) and lymphoma are malignant conditions affecting mucocutaneous tissues and are considered multifocal angioproliferative disorders, as originally described by Moritz Kaposi. These conditions are more likely to occur in individuals with uncontrolled viral replication and low CD4 cell counts. In Mongolia, although the overall prevalence of HIV infection remains low and early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced the incidence of opportunistic infections, cases of AIDS-related malignancies continue to be reported. Therefore, evaluating the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment outcomes of malignancies in HIV-infected patients is of significant importance. Aim: To present a case of Kaposi’s sarcoma in a patient living with HIV in Mongolia, and to describe the clinical course, diagnostic findings, treatment outcomes, and the impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Materials and Methods: This case report is based on a descriptive analysis of a single patient. Clinical data, including medical history, physical examination findings, laboratory parameters (CD4 cell count and viral load), imaging studies, histopathological results, treatment course, and outcomes were collected from the medical records of the National Center for Communicable Diseases and analyzed qualitatively. Case Presentation: A 35-year-old male patient presented with oral lesions that first appeared in June 2010 and progressively increased in number and size. In July 2010, he underwent computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and histopathological examination in the Republic of Korea, which confirmed the diagnosis of Kaposi’s sarcoma and lymphosarcoma. The patient was enrolled in care at the National Center for Communicable Diseases on September 2, 2010. According to his history, he had lived in Taiwan for the past 10 years and reported having sex with men. On October 22, 2010, his CD4 cell count was 282 cells/ml and viral load was 210,000 copies/ml. Antiretroviral therapy (tenofovir/lamivudine/efavirenz) was initiated. Between 2010 and 2011, he received six cycles of chemotherapy (DOX, CTX, VCR), and surgical excision of skin lesions was performed. Following treatment, the Kaposi’s sarcoma and lymphosarcoma lesions regressed significantly. By August 31, 2012, his CD4 cell count had increased to 535 cells/µL. Conclusion This case demonstrates that HIV-infected patients are at high risk of developing AIDS-defining malignancies due to immunosuppression. Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) played a crucial role in immune restoration, as evidenced by the increase in CD4 cell count. In addition, combined treatment with chemotherapy contributed to tumor regression and clinical improvement.

Introduction: Soum and family health care centers (primary health care centers) provide public health services to reduce the negative effects of air pollution on health. In order to decrease the risk factors due to air pollution, it is crucial for health professionals, who are providing health care services to the public, to have the knowledge, attitude and practice to give an advice for residents on how to protect their health from air pollution. The “Air pollution and child health” report from WHO recommended that responsibility of health professionals must include knowing the latest information on air pollution, doing a research, spreading the knowledge, educating families and community and learning from them as well, proposing solutions, and finding a solution for policy developers and decision makers in other sectors. Therefore, we conducted this survey with purpose to determine the long-term effects of air pollution on population psychology and lifestyle and to evaluate the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of health professionals on how to protect a health from air pollution. Goal: Evaluate the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of health professionals on air pollution. Material and Methods: In 2019, this study conducted a cross-sectional design and collected quantitative and qualitative data. 88.4% of (n=532) health professionals from 48 secondary health care centers (SHCC) and 64 family health care centers (FHCC), which are agents that implement UNICEF project, in Bayanzurkh, Songinokhairkhan districts and Bayankhongor aimag were participated in the survey. Results: 97.4% of the participants agreed that air pollution has negative effects on human health. 99.5% of participants did not know the Mongolian standard for the acceptable level of air pollutant particulate matter (PM) and 73.1% of all participants did not receive information about air quality index. 82.1% of participants regularly give prevention advice with the purpose of protecting maternal and child health from air. The participants who worked for more than 21 years and who are older than 51 years old were more likely to give advice (p<0.05). As for the reasons for not giving advice about air pollution for protecting the maternal and child health, 29.2% of participants answered the service time is not enough, and 22.9% mentioned the lack of knowledge and information. 30.5% (162) of participants were not satisfied with their skill to give an advice on how to protect maternal and child health from air pollution. 86.8% of participants indicated that they did not receive proper training on air pollution and prevention from air pollution. Conclusion There is a need to provide training and information on how to protect maternal and child health from air pollution for health professionals.

Background Mongolia has been undergoing an epidemiological transition since 1990s. As a result, lifestyle and health behavior related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer and injuries are growing steadily and have become the leading causes of population mortality. According to the Mongolian STEPS Survey on the Prevalence of NCD Risk Factors (2009), the summary of combined NCD risk factors demonstrates that 1 in 5 (26.4%) Mongolian adults have three or more common modifiable NCD risk factors and consumption of alcohol in the past 30 days was reported by 38.6% of the population. Goal The goal of the survey was to determine the prevalence of alcohol consumption among Bugat soum population of Bulgan province. Materials and Methods The cross-sectional survey used a questionnaire of the WHO STEPS survey and adapted it to the local specifics. Alcohol consumption was assessed using the concept of “standard drinks”. A total of 201 randomly selected 15-64 year old residents of both sexes of Bugat soum were involved in the survey. The survey data was collected in September, 2011. The survey data was fully collected using small handled computers (PDAs). Results The survey respondents, 30.3% consisting of males (16.9%) and females (41.2%) were past 12 months abstainers. Of the alcohol users, 69.7% (males 83.1% and females 58.8%) reported drinking during the past 12 months and 47.3% were current drinkers or reported alcohol use during the past 30 days. In contrary, 60.9% of males and 36.8% of females were current drinkers or reported alcohol use during the past 30 days. In terms of the frequency of alcohol use by respondents reporting drinking in the past 12 months, 39.3% drank occasionally, 21.4% drank alcohol for 1-3 days a month, 2.5% drank 1-4 days a week, 4.5% drank 5-6 days a week, and 2.0% reported daily consumption of alcohol. Conclusions The survey results showed that current drinking or consumption of alcohol in the past 30 days was reported by 47.3% in herdsmen of Bugat soum. Of these 60.9% are men and 36.8% are women. As for the quantity of consumption, the current drinkers consumed 13.3 standard drinks for men and 5.0 for women. Frequency of alcohol drinking was higher in males compared to females. The prevalence of binge drinking was 2.5% in men and 0.4% in women, and binge drinking was 6 times more common in males compared to females.