Background: Mongolia’s long-term development policy, Vision 2050, aims to ensure that every citizen has full access to primary health care services and to increase the country’s average life expectancy. According to the “Primary Health Care Service Quality and Accessibility Survey,” the diagnostic capacity of family health centers (FHCs) in Mongolia was 42.1%. There is a need to further identify issues related to laboratory human resources, equipment supply, quality assurance, and monitoring. Aim: To assess the current status of laboratory diagnostic services in family health centers in Ulaanbaatar city. Materials and Methods: The study collected data using a questionnaire developed based on resources such as the WHO’s Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA), USAID’s Laboratory Assessment Tools, the Ministry of Health’s 2023 Order No. A/283 on updated guidelines for services provided by family, soum, and bagh health centers, and the national standard “Structure and Operation of Family Health Centers (MNS 5292:2017).” A total of 46 FHCs in Ulaanbaatar were randomly selected for the study. Results: The average population served by the participating FHCs was 10,228±4043, with 73.9% (n=34) serving over 8,000 people. On average, each center employed 5±2 physicians and nurses. A clinical pathologist was employed at 50.0% (n=23) of the centers, of which 26.1% (n=6) were full-time and 73.9% (n=17) were contract-based. Availability of laboratory equipment was as follows: Complete blood count (CBC) analyzers: 60.9% (n=28) Biochemistry analyzers: 50.0% (n=23) Urinalysis equipment: 97.8% (n=45) The availability of laboratory equipment was not significantly associated with the size of the population served (p=0.54; p=0.63; p=0.74). Among FHCs with laboratory equipment: 82.1% (n=23) performed CBC tests 87.0% (n=20) performed biochemistry tests 97.8% (n=44) conducted urinalysis tests. Participation in internal and external quality control programs was significantly higher among centers with specialized laboratory staff compared to those without (p=0.008; p=0.08). The number of tests and biochemistry parameters performed was also significantly higher in centers with specialized laboratory personnel (p=0.001, p=0.001). However, the availability and use of rapid diagnostic tests did not differ based on population size or the presence of specialized laboratory staff (p=0.8; p=0.6). Conclusion 1. In Ulaanbaatar, only half of the family health centers have specialized laboratory personnel. 2. Laboratory equipment availability was between 50.0% and 60.9%. Centers with specialized laboratory staff showed significantly better performance in internal and external quality control and broader diagnostic testing services. 3. Differences in diagnostic services were associated with both the population size served and the availability of specialized laboratory staff, indicating the need to strengthen primary health care accessibility and capacity.

Background: The purpose of this study is to evaluate serum creatinine as a marker of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in alcohol use disorder people, and to determine correlation between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and eGFR in chronic kidney disease classification level. Methods: In this study, 118 people were examined 2024. We measured serum creatinine based GFR using the Cockroft Gault formula. Biochemical analysis and serum creatinine were evaluated using a fully automatic analyzer (GOLSITE, China). Statistical results were analyzed SPSS. Result: The mean subject age was 48.6±10.3, BMI 25.3±3.7 and male: female ratio was 5:1. Mean arterial pressure was 104±12.8 mmHg, eGFR 94±28 ml/ min/1.73m2, and mean arterial pressure was significantly correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (P<0.05) and no difference between male and female recipients. Mean eGFR was calculated into 4 groups of 10-year intervals, that eGFR was decreased significantly with age groups. For the alcohol dependence stages of the Michigan Test, the mean eGFR was stage 1 is 112 ml/min/1.73m2, stage 2 is 89 ml/min/1.73m2, stage 3 is 97 ml/min/1.73m2 and there is not statistically significant correlation between Michigan test scores and eGFR. Conclusion According to our research, one of the optimal methods for assessing kidney function is the creatinine-based CKD calculation method, and long-term excessive alcohol consumption is a risk factor for CKD, as well as one of the main causes of death due to hypertension and cardiovascular disease.

Background: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and approximately 5% of new cases are diagnosed with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Since 2019, a shorter treatment regimen comprising 6–7 oral medications has been introduced for MDR-TB management. Although some of the newer drugs used in short regimens are associated with significant side effects, their potential nephrotoxicity has not been fully studied. Estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a primary method for evaluating renal function. Objective: Evaluation changes in renal filtration function during the course of short and long treatment regimens for MDR-TB. Goals: To evaluate changes in GFR at different stages of treatment both regimens, and to compare the treatment outcomes between long and short regimens. Materials and Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted among 103 patients diagnosed with MDR-TB and treated at the TB Dispensary of Bayangol District Health Center between 2017-2024. GFR was calculated using MDRD equation. Data statistically analyzed using SPSS 23.0. Results: Of the study participants, 71 (66.35%) received the long treatment regimen, while 32 (29.90%) received the short regimen. The mean age was 34.81 years for the long-regimen group and 39.59 years for the short-regimen group. In the long-regimen group, the mean eGFR (mL/ min/1.73m²) was 90.016 at the start, 75.82 at the mid-point, and 77.23 at the end of treatment. In the short-regimen group, the respective eGFR values were 68.47, 68.2, and 72.5. Additionally, 54.92% of participants in the long-regimen group received injectable treatment. Conclusion eGFR values were lower in the short treatment regimen group compared to the long regimen group. While the cure rate was higher in the short regimen group, the mortality rate was also significantly higher. Therefore, treatment success cannot be attributed solely to the type of regimen used.

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) is a globally prevalent metabolic disorder associated with macrovascular and microvascular complications. The number of patients diagnosed with T2DM has exceeded 460 million worldwide and continues to rise. Insulin resistance is a primary pathogenic factor contributing to various systemic complications. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a critical biomarker for monitoring glucose control in T2DM patients.
This study aimed to compare the mean platelet volume (MPV) between different groups of T2DM patients to assess the impact of disease progression and glycemic control. A total of 152 patients were categorized based on disease duration and glycemic control. The results showed that patients diagnosed for less than one year had a mean MPV of 9.8±1.0 fl, while those diagnosed for more than five years had a mean MPV of 9.0±0.95 fl. Comparative analysis with international studies indicated that MPV is significantly higher in diabetic patients than in non-diabetic individuals. Furthermore, patients with poor glycemic control exhibited a decrease in platelet count, aligning with findings in metabolic disease research.
The study findings suggest that both disease duration and glycemic control status influence platelet volume and count variations. Monitoring MPV can serve as an early indicator of diabetes-related complications. This research underscores the importance of continuous platelet parameter assessment in diabetic patients to predict and manage potential vascular complications effectively.

This study examines the association between the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 109 randomly selected T2DM patients, stratified into three groups based on HbA1c levels: good control (14%, HbA1c <7%), moderate control (16%, HbA1c 7–8%), and poor control (70%, HbA1c >8%). Demographic and hematological parameters were analyzed, with NLR calculated from complete blood count data.
Results demonstrated a significant increase in NLR with deteriorating glycemic control (good: 1.8±0.8; moderate: 1.9±0.8; poor: 2.3±1.2; p=0.015). No significant age or gender differences were observed among groups. Patients with longer diabetes duration (>5 years) exhibited higher HbA1c and NLR levels, suggesting a link between chronic hyperglycemia and inflammation. The findings support NLR as a low-cost, accessible inflammatory marker for T2DM progression.
This study highlights NLR’s potential as a clinical biomarker for monitoring glycemic control and systemic inflammation in T2DM. Future research should investigate NLR’s predictive value for diabetes-related complications.

Background: The purpose of this study is to evaluate serum creatinine as a marker of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in alcohol use disorder people, and to determine correlation between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and eGFR in chronic kidney disease classification level. Methods: In this study, 99 people were examined between January 2024 to November 2024. We measured serum creatinine based GFR using the Cockroft Gault formula. Results were analyzed SPSS. Result: The mean subject age was 48.2±9.9 years, male: female ratio was 5:1. Mean arterial pressure was 103±13.5 mmHg, eGFR 95.5±28.8 ml/min/1.73m2, and mean arterial pressure was significantly correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (P<0.05) and no difference between male and female recipients. Conclusion According to our research, one of the optimal methods for assessing kidney function is the creatinine-based CKD calculation method, and excessive alcohol consumption is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease, as well as one of the main causes of complication and mortality in cardiovascular disease.