Background: Arterial hypertension (AH) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, with both genetic and environmental factors contributing to its development. The insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene has been investigated as a potential genetic determinant of hypertension; however, evidence in the Mongolian population remains limited. Aim: To determine the distribution of the ACE gene I/D polymorphism and investigate its association with arterial hypertension and cardiovascular risk factors in a Mongolian population. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted between October 2018 and November 2019. A total of 150 participants aged 20–64 years were included, comprising 100 patients with AH and 50 normotensive controls. AH was defined as blood pressure ≥130/80 mmHg or current use of antihypertensive medication. Cardiovascular risk factors were assessed using questionnaires and physical examination. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes, and the ACE I/D polymorphism in intron 16 was determined using a two-step polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Associations between ACE genotypes and AH were assessed using the chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: Among the 150 participants, 64 (42.7%) were male, and the mean age was 44.2±11.7 years. The frequencies of the II, ID, and DD genotypes were 44.0%, 39.3%, and 16.7%, respectively. No significant difference in genotype distribution was observed between males and females. The frequencies of ID, DD, and II genotypes in the hypertensive and control groups were 39.0% vs. 40.0% (p=0.906), 14.0% vs. 22.0% (p=0.215), and 47.0% vs. 38.0% (p=0.295), respectively. The D-allele frequency was 0.33 in the hypertensive group and 0.42 in the control group, with no statistically significant difference. Participants with AH were older and had significantly higher body mass index, waist circumference, salt intake, alcohol consumption, and blood pressure compared with controls. Conclusion 1. The I allele of the ACE gene was predominant in the studied Mongolian population. 2. Neither the ACE I/D genotype nor the D allele was significantly associated with arterial hypertension. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors, including older age, excess body weight, abdominal obesity, high salt intake, and inappropriate alcohol consumption, showed stronger associations with hypertension in this population.

Background: Ticks are notorious vectors of various pathogenic protozoa, bacteria, and viruses that cause serious and life-threatening illnesses in humans and animals worldwide. Screening of ticks for such pathogens by using molecular tools may identify the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in particular geographic environments. Babesia are tick-transmitted protozoa that comprise some of the most ubiquitous and widespread parasites of erythrocytes in humans and a wide range of wild and economically valuable domestic animals such as cattle and horses. For transmission to occur, therefore, the Babesia parasite must complete an elaborate developmental programme in the hostile tick environment.Objectives:To investigate molecular epidemiology of babesiosis in ticks from different ecological areas isolated in MongoliaSpecific objectives are:1. Molecular identification of tick-borne pathogens by multiplex PCR2. Analysis of molecular epidemiology focused on babesiosis in ticks from different ecological areas3. Determination of transmission ticks’ species of babesiosis Materials and Methods: A total of 528 ticks, including 5 species from three genera (D. nuttalli, D. niveus, D. silvarum, I. persulcatus and H. asiaticum), were collected from domestic animals, from humans, or by flagging of the vegetation at sites from 10 different provinces in Mongolia. 360 individual ticks were examined by multiplex PCR to detect DNA of tick borne pathogens. The multiplex PCR primers were specific to E. canis VirB9, Babesia spp 16S rRNA and H. canis 16S rRNA genes. At the final concentration each reaction was 25 μl. Results: DNA extraction was successful in 360 of these ticks. Babesia spp. were detected in 145 out of the 360 investigated ticks of all five tick species. Multiplex PCR products were from D. nuttalli, D. niveus, D. silvarum, I. persulcatus and H. asiaticum collected from horses, sheep, goats, camels, and cattle were identified as Babesia spp. The prevalences of babesiosis were in Тuv 2.1% (3/145), Dornogobi province 3.4% (5/145), Selenge 3.4% (5/145), Zavkhan 4.1% (6/145), Аrkhangai 6.9% (10/145), Bulgan 8.3% (12/145), Khovd 13.8% (20/145), Bayankhongor province 17.9% (26/145), Gobi-Altai 18.6% (27/145), Khuvsgul 21.4% (31/145) respectively.Conclusion:1. The infection rates of babesiosis were 40,2% by multiplex PCR2. The prevalences of babesiosis were in forest and forest-steppe 39.3%, forest-steppe and steppe 38.6%, gobi and desert 22% respectively.3. H. аsiaticum, I. persulcatus, D. niveus, D. silvarum, D. nuttalli play an important role as a vector of babesiosis.

Background:Echinococcosis is from animals to humans and cause cestode zoonoses. Genetic variations within of echonoccocus and their genotypes may cause a disease as well as can indicate transmission dynamics to human and pets. At present, there are no available data for the typing of echinococcosis isolated in MongoliaMaterials and Methods:A total of 50 human hydatid samples from collected from State Centre on Maternal and Child Health, Oncology Centre of Mongolia. All samples were examined by PCR using cox1. The PCR products with a molecular size of 578 bp were amplified from human hydatid samples. Also we used RFLP method.Results:Genotype and strains of E. multilocularis and Е. granulosus were identified by RFLP. PCR products were digested using Ssp I, Hind III, Bgl II endonucleases. PCR products were digested by Ssp I endonuclease we found E. multilocularis. PCR products were digested by Bgl II endonuclease. Two major bands were seen in human hydatid sample. The bands have molecular weight of 420 and 158 bp respectively. It was infected by E. granulosus G6. Digestion with Hind III revealed two major bands within samples from human hydatids. These bands have molecular weight of 168, 410 bp respectively. These samples were infected by E. granulosus G1. Most of E. granulosus materials obtained from human patients by surgery confirmed the presence of sheep strain G1 (Bowles and McManus, 1993 a & c). In 24 cases of human hydatid echinococcosis in Mongolia sheep strain was found to be infective to humans.Conclusions:1. Echinococcosis caused by E. granulosus, E. multilocularis in human.2. G1, G6 genotypes of E. granulosus found in human hydatids.