Olfactory receptors (ORs) form the largest superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Traditionally recognized for their role in the nasal olfactory epithelium, where they mediate the sense of smell, accumulating evidence has firmly established their ectopic expression in non-olfactory tissues, including the intestine, lungs, and kidneys. The intestine, as the primary site for nutrient digestion and absorption, harbors a highly complex chemical environment. To adapt to this environment, the gut employs a sophisticated network of “chemosensors” to monitor luminal contents and maintain homeostasis. Among these sensors, intestinal ORs have emerged as crucial functional components, serving as a molecular bridge that connects environmental chemical signals—such as food-derived odorants—to specific physiological responses. This discovery has significantly deepened our understanding of how dietary flavors and compounds influence intestinal physiology at the molecular level. This review systematically summarizes the expression profiles, ligand classification, and biological functions of ORs within the gastrointestinal tract. Studies indicate that intestinal ORs exhibit distinct spatial distribution patterns across different gut segments and display cell-type specificity, particularly within enterocytes and enteroendocrine cells. These receptors function as versatile sensors capable of recognizing a wide variety of ligands, including exogenous dietary components, gut microbiota metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, and endogenous small molecules like azelaic acid. Upon activation by specific ligands, intestinal ORs trigger intracellular signaling cascades, primarily involving the AC-cAMP-PKA pathway or calcium influx channels. A major focus of this review is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which these receptors regulate the secretion of gut hormones. Activation of specific ORs in enteroendocrine cells has been shown to stimulate the release of hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and serotonin (5-HT), thereby modulating systemic energy metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and gastrointestinal motility. Furthermore, the review addresses the critical roles of ORs in immune regulation and pathology. Evidence suggests that specific ORs contribute to the maintenance of intestinal immune homeostasis and may offer protection against inflammation. Beyond their involvement in inflammatory responses, ORs such as Olfr78 have been shown to regulate the differentiation and function of intestinal endocrine cells. Similarly, Olfr544 has been demonstrated to alleviate intestinal inflammation by remodeling the gut microbiome and metabolome. These findings collectively suggest that specific ORs hold promise as therapeutic targets for mitigating intestinal inflammation and maintaining gut homeostasis. Additionally, the review explores the emerging role of ORs in cancer. Although OR expression is often downregulated in tumor tissues compared to normal mucosa, activation of specific ORs by certain ligands can inhibit tumor cell proliferation and migration and induce apoptosis via pathways such as MEK/ERK and p38 MAPK. Conversely, other receptors, such as OR7C1, may serve as biomarkers for cancer-initiating cells. In conclusion, intestinal ORs represent a vital component of the gut’s sensory network. The review also discusses the translational potential of these findings. By elucidating the precise pairing relationships between dietary components and specific ORs, novel therapeutic strategies could be developed. Intestinal ORs may thus emerge as promising targets for nutritional and pharmacological interventions in metabolic diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, and malignancies.

ObjectiveTo investigate the protective effect of liver-targeted fibroblast growth factor 21 （FGF21） overexpression against CCl₄-induced acute liver injury （ALI） and its association with silent information regulator 1/glutathione peroxidase 4 （SIRT1/GPX4） expression and ferroptosis-related markers. MethodsFemale ICR mice （8 weeks old） were randomly divided into Control， CCl₄， adeno-associated virus （AAV）-FGF21， and AAV-FGF21 + CCl₄ groups. Liver-targeted FGF21 overexpression was achieved via tail vein injection of AAV8-FGF21 virus with green fluorescent protein （GFP） labeling. ALI was induced by intraperitoneal injection of CCl₄ （0.3 mL/kg）， with sample collection at 12 hours. Body weight and liver weight were recorded to calculate the liver weight/body weight. Alanine aminotransferase （ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase （AST） levels were measured using a biochemical analyzer. FGF21 expression in liver tissues was detected by immunofluorescence. Hepatic histopathology was evaluated by HE staining. RT-qPCR was performed to assess mRNA expression of ferroptosis and iron metabolism-related genes （ACSL4， PTGS2， HJV， FPN， GPX4）， FGF21， and SIRT1. Protein expression of FGF21， SIRT1， and GPX4 were determined by Western blot. Iron content， malondialdehyde （MDA）， glutathione （GSH）， and superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity in liver homogenate were quantified using assay kits. ResultsCompared with the Control group， the FGF21 mRNA and protein expression elevated in CCl₄ group； serum ALT/AST levels and liver weight/body weigh increased. The HE staining results showed that the liver cell membranes were ruptured. The mRNA levels of ACSL4 and PTGS2， the iron content and MDA levels all increased （P<0.01）. The mRNA levels of SIRT1， GPX4， HJV， and FPN， the GSH level and SOD activity all decreased （P<0.05）， and the protein levels of SIRT1 and GPX4 both decreased （P<0.05）. Compared with the CCl₄ group， the serum levels of ALT and AST in the AAV-FGF21 + CCl4 group were decreased （P<0.01）， and the liver/body ratio of mice decreased （P<0.01）. The results of HE staining showed that the degree of liver injury was alleviated. The mRNA levels of ACSL4 and PTGS2， iron content and MDA level all decreased （P<0.01）， while the mRNA levels of SIRT1， GPX4， HJV， FPN， GSH level and SOD activity all increased （P<0.05）. The protein levels of SIRT1 and GPX4 both increased （P<0.05）. ConclusionFGF21 overexpression is associated with enhanced SIRT1/GPX4 expression and suppression of ferroptosis features， thereby contributing to the alleviation of CCl₄-induced ALI.

The herb pair Hedysari Radix-Angelicae Sinensis Radix is a classic combination embodying the theory of replenishing Qi and tonifying blood in traditional Chinese medicine. The two herbs are often used together to achieve the effects of replenishing Qi， tonifying blood， activating blood， and unblocking collaterals. Clinically， this herb pair is widely applied in the treatment of blood deficiency syndrome and hematopoietic dysfunction disorders such as myelosuppression induced by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Modern research indicates that Hedysari Radix-Angelicae Sinensis Radix and their active components can synergistically promote hematopoiesis through multiple targets and pathways. At the cellular level， the active components directly activate hematopoietic stem cells （HSCs） and hematopoietic progenitor cells （HPCs）， promoting their proliferation and differentiation， while simultaneously stimulating the production and release of peripheral blood cells. Regarding molecular regulation， this herb pair can regulate the expression of various hematopoietic-related cytokines， such as stem cell factor and erythropoietin. Additionally， it modulates key signaling pathways， including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt） and Wnt/β-catenin， providing signal support for the hematopoietic process. Furthermore， Hedysari Radix-Angelicae Sinensis Radix can improve the hematopoietic microenvironment， protect bone marrow stromal cells， and eliminate free radicals through antioxidant effects， thereby reducing damage to hematopoietic cells. Furthermore， this herb pair regulates apoptosis-related proteins to inhibit excessive apoptosis of hematopoietic cells and increase their survival rate. Its material basis primarily includes active components such as Hedysarum polybotrys polysacchcrides and flavonoids， as well as Angelica sinensis polysaccharides and ferulic acid， which synergistically contribute to its hematopoietic-promoting effects. By elaborating on the active components and mechanisms of Hedysari Radix-Angelicae Sinensis Radix in promoting hematopoiesis， this paper aims to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying their hematopoietic effects and provide a reference for further research and clinical application.

Following the core outcome set standards for development(COS-STAD), this study aims to construct core outcome set(COS) for clinical research on traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) treatment of simple obesity. Firstly, a comprehensive review was conducted on the randomized controlled trial(RCT) and systematic review(SR) about TCM treatment of simple obesity that were published in Chinese and English databases to collect reported outcomes. Additional outcomes were obtained through semi-structured interviews with patients and open-ended questionnaire surveys for clinicians. All the collected outcomes were then merged and organized as an initial outcome pool, and then a preliminary list of outcomes was formed after discussion by the working group. Subsequently, two rounds of Delphi surveys were conducted with clinicians, methodology experts, and patients to score the importance of outcomes in the list. Finally, a consensus meeting was held to establish the COS for clinical research on TCM treatment of simple obesity. A total of 221 RCTs and 12 SRs were included, and after integration of supplementary outcomes, an initial outcome pool of 141 outcomes were formed. Following discussions in the steering advisory group meeting, a preliminary list of 33 outcomes was finalized, encompassing 9 domains. Through two rounds of Delphi surveys and a consensus meeting, the final COS for clinical research on TCM treatment of simple obesity was determined to include 8 outcomes: TCM symptom scores, body mass index(BMI), waist-hip ratio, waist circumference, visceral fat index, body fat rate, quality of life, and safety, which were classified into 4 domains: TCM-related outcomes, anthropometric measurements, quality of life, and safety. This study has preliminarily established a COS for clinical research on TCM treatment of simple obesity. It helps reduce the heterogeneity in the selection and reporting of outcomes in similar clinical studies, thereby improving the comparability of research results and the feasibility of meta-analysis and providing higher-level evidence support for clinical practice.
Humans ; Obesity/therapy* ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Treatment Outcome ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use*

Objective To investigate the relationship between chromosomal karyotypes and reproductive factor levels in peripheral blood and adverse pregnancies in women.Methods A total of 105 pregnant women who received prenatal care and delivered at Yulin Hospital,the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong Uni-versity and Yulin Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital from January 2020 to June 2024 were selected as the research subjects.Through the follow-up observation of pregnant women,there were 29 cases of pregnant women with adverse pregnancies(adverse pregnancy group)and 76 cases of pregnant and parturient women with normal pregnancies(good pregnancy group).The karyotypes of peripheral blood chromosomes and the levels of reproductive factors,as well as their correlations with adverse pregnancy outcomes,were analyzed re-spectively in the adverse pregnancy group and the good pregnancy group.Results There was a statistically significant difference in the proportion of autosomes and sex chromosomes in the number and structure of pe-ripheral blood between the adverse pregnancy group and the good pregnancy group(P＜0.05).The anti-Müllerian hormone(AMH)level in the adverse pregnancy group was higher than that in the good pregnancy group,while estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels were lower than those in the good pregnancy group,and the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.05).Abnormalities in autosomal number,autosomal structure,sex chromosome number,sex chromosome structure,and AMH were all positively correlated with adverse pregnancy outcomes(r=0.369,0.445,0.528,0.665,0.785,P＜0.05).E2 and P were negatively cor-related with adverse pregnancy outcomes(r=-0.865,—0.562,P＜0.05).Conclusion Peripheral blood chromosomal karyotypes and reproductive factor levels are related to adverse pregnancies in women.By under-standing the relationship between these biomarkers and chromosomal abnormalities,adverse pregnancy out-comes can be better predicted and managed,and the accuracy of fertility treatment can be improved.

Objective:To evaluate the perioperative application effect of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) clinical pathway in percutaneous vertebro plasty (PVP).Methods:The clinical data of 274 patients who underwent PVP treatment for osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF) in Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University from May 2023 to August 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups according to the different numbers of surgical segments: the single-segment group ( n=211) and the multisegment group ( n=63). Patients in the single-segment group underwent single-segment surgery, while patients in the multisegment group underwent surgery on ≥2 segments. The core points of the ERAS clinical pathway adopted in this study include perioperative education, pain management, early mobilization, application of "outfast", and joint guidance from the departments of nutrition and rehabilitation. Comparison was made between the two groups of patients in terms of visual analog scale (VAS) scores for low back pain at preoperative, 2 h, 6 h, 24 h postoperatively, and on the day of discharge; Oswestry disability index (ODI) scores preoperatively and on the day of discharge; time to first ambulation postoperatively, total length of hospital stay, postoperative length of stay, perioperative complications, and perioperative application of Opioid consumption. Measurement data were expressed as mean±standard deviation ( ± s), and the independent sample t-test was used for comparison between groups; count data were expressed as cases and percentage, and the Chi-square test was used for comparison between groups. The VAS pain scores at each stage of the perioperative period were evaluated using repeated measures analysis of variance or generalized estimating equations. Results:Compared with that before the operation [(6.17±0.93) points, (6.29±0.83) points], the VAS scores of low back pain of patients in the single-segment group and the multisegment group at 2 hours after surgery [(3.09±0.82) points, (3.27±0.65) points], 6 hours after surgery [(2.60±0.79) points, (2.62±0.55) points], and 24 hours after surgery [(1.89±0.77) points, (1.97±0.72) points] and on the day of discharge [(1.72±0.71) points, (1.81±0.64) points] were significantly decreased, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). At the same stage, the VAS scores of low back pain in both groups were not statistically significant ( P>0.05). The ODI scores of patients in the single-segment group and the multisegment group on the day of discharge [(24.21±2.35) points, (24.63±3.31) points] were significantly lower than those before the operation [(64.50±4.81) points, (65.52±4.08) points], and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in perioperative complications and the proportion of Opioid drug application between the two groups of patients ( P>0.05). Conclusion:For patients with single-segment or multisegment OVCF, PVP surgical treatment under ERAS clinical pathway management can achieve immediate pain relief, early ambulation exercise, and satisfactory perioperative efficacy.

Objective To evaluate the baseline characteristics and short-term safety of lecanemab in treatment of Alzheimer's disease(AD)in Chinese patients in a real-world study.Methods A mul-ticenter,retrospective,observational study was conducted on 646 AD patients who were continu-ously recruited and receved of lecanemab therapy in 84 medical centers from June 26,2024 to March 1,2025.Their clinical data,including baseline Mini-mental state examination(MMSE)score and clinical dementia rating(CDR)score before and after treatment,were collected,and the CDR-global score(CDR-GS)and CDR-sum of box score were calculated.The incidences of infu-sion-related reactions(IRR)and amyloid-related imaging abnormalities(ARIA),including ARIA with edema and effusion(ARIA-E)and ARIA with hemosiderin deposit(ARIA-H)within 3 months of treatment were observed and recorded.Apolipoprotein E(ApoE)genetic test was per-formed on 454 patients.Baseline characteristics and short-term safety of the patients were ana-lyzed.Results There were 301 patients(46.59％)having a baseline CDR-GS score of 0.5 and 345(53.41％)patients had a CDR score of 1.In the 454 patients receiving genetic test,the ApoEε4 carriers accounted for 31.27％(202 cases),including 17 cases of ApoEε4 homozygous carriers(8.42％).The incidence of IRR was 4.95％(32/646),which mainly occurred during the first infu-sion(90.63％,29/32),and there were 96.88％(31/32)of mild and 3.13％(1/32)of moderate IRR,with main manifestations of fever,dizziness,vomiting,etc.Sixteen patients(2.48％)experienced ARIA,including 5(31.25％)ARIA-E,10(62.50％)ARIA-H,and 1(6.25％)ARIA-E and ARIA-H.For the 5 patients with ARIA-E,2 were symptomatic,and in terms of radiographic severity,3 cases were mild and 2 cases were moderate ARIA-E.In the 10 patients with ARIA-H,all of them had no clinical symptoms,and in terms of radiographic severity,6 had mild and 4 had moderate ARIA-H.Among the 17 ApoEε4 homozygous patients,only one patient(5.88％)experi-enced ARIA-H with a moderate radiographic severity.Multivariate analysis showed that age in-creased the trend of ARIA risk,but no statistical difference was observed(P=0.056).Conclusion In this real-world study in China,AD patients receiving lecanemab treatment have the characteris-tics of being younger in age but higher disease severity.Short-term follow-up data suggest that lecanemab has good safety.

Objective To provide references for the registration and implementation of related clinical trials by analyzing the current status of clinical trial registration of TCM for the treatment of cervical spondylosis.Methods Relevant clinical trials of TCM for the treatment of cervical spondylosis were retrieved from China Clinical Trial Registry,International Clinical Trial Registry Platform and US Clinical Trials Registry database from the establishment to 1 July 2024.The relevant data were extracted and entered into Excel 2019,and GraphPad Prism 9.0 was used to statistically analyse the registration characteristics of clinical trials of TCM for the treatment of cervical spondylosis.Results A total of 126 clinical trials of TCM for the treatment of cervical spondylosis were included in this study,of which 112 were interventional studies.Domestic registrations covered a total of 19 provincial administrative regions,with the top two being Shanghai and Guangdong Province.The research on disease types included all subtypes of cervical spondylosis,with the largest number of registered items(37 items,29.37%)related to cervical spondylostic radiculopathy,followed by projects with unspecified cervical spondylosis subtypes(44 projects,34.92%).Research projects from universities and affiliated hospitals accounted for 89.7%(113 projects),with Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine(12 projects)registering the most projects.Totally 110 research projects were funded,with local financial support accounting for 39.09%(43 projects)and national financial support accounting for 16.36%(18 projects).The study designs were mainly randomized parallel controlled studies(112 projects,88.9%),mostly single-centre research projects(92 projects,73.0%),with sample sizes concentrated between 50-200(86 projects,68.3%).The interventions were mostly external TCM treatments,such as acupuncture(41 items,32.5%)and tuina(23 items,18.3%).Conclusion The number of registered clinical trials of TCM for the treatment of cervical spondylosis has shown a fluctuating upward trend,but there are problems such as a small number,uneven geographical development,low methodological quality,mostly single-centre trials,and a lack of projects with Chinese materia medica intervention projects.

Spine fracture and dislocation are common traumatic spinal conditions that often require surgical intervention due to compromised spinal stability. Surgical approaches include anterior, posterior, and combined anterior-posterior spinal procedures. According to the specific surgical requirements, patients may be placed in the prone position or repositioned between prone and supine positions during surgery. Intraoperative repositioning has become an essential step in patient positioning. However, during repositioning, patients with spinal fracture and dislocation are at increased risk for complications such as hemodynamic instability, nerve injury, and pressure injuries to the skin and soft tissue. Notably, due to the instability of the spinal cord, even minor manipulations can further exacerbate the damage, potentially leading to severe outcomes like paraplegia. Although the current clinical guidelines provide instructive recommendations for standard position, there remains no specific protocols for intraoperative repositioning in patients with spine fracture and dislocation. With a concern for the lack of clinical studies on positioning techniques, risk prevention, and operational norms for special patients, no applicable guidelines or standards are available. A consensus was required to provide clinical reference, meet the requirements of surgical treatment, and minimize the safety risks of patients caused by improper placement of positions. Professional Committee of Operating Room Nursing of Shaanxi Nursing Association organized experts in nursing management and operating room nursing from major hospitals across China to formulate Expert consensus on intraoperative repositioning for patients with spinal fracture and dislocation ( version 2025). The consensus provides 11 recommendations covering pre-repositioning preparation, intraoperative maneuvers, and post-repositioning observation, aiming to provide references for clinical standardization of the intraoperative repositioning process and protection of patients′ safety.