Visual Status of Private Vehicle Drivers in Klang Valley, Malaysia Introduction Vision play an important role during driving and many driving related injuries have been connected with visual problems. However, there is little information in profiling visual status among private vehicle drivers in rural area of Malaysia. The aim of this study is to determine visual function and binocular function status among private vehicle drivers in Klang Valley, Malaysia Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the major towns within the Klang Valley of Malaysia. Participants were taken through a comprehensive eye examination after the administration of a structured questionnaire Results Fifty private vehicle drivers (52% males and 48% females) participated in this study with mean age of 26±7 year. The mean of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity is 0.03±0.1 logMAR and 0.2±0.1 at 2.5% respectively. This study also found 2% of subject with colour deficiency and 4% of subjects had constricted visual field. The mean value for amplitude of accommodation, facility of accommodation, and stereopsis is 10.16±2.11 D, 8±1 cycle per minute (cpm), and 46 second of arc respectively. Based on chi square test, there is a significant association (p=0.018) between reduced binocular vision function and history of road traffic accident (RTA). Conclusions Fifty private vehicle drivers (52% males and 48% females) participated in this study with mean age of 26±7 year. The mean of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity is 0.03±0.1 logMAR and 0.2±0.1 at 2.5% respectively. This study also found 2% of subject with colour deficiency and 4% of subjects had constricted visual field. The mean value for amplitude of accommodation, facility of accommodation, and stereopsis is 10.16±2.11 D, 8±1 cycle per minute (cpm), and 46 second of arc respectively. Based on chi square test, there is a significant association (p=0.018) between reduced binocular vision function and history of road traffic accident (RTA).

Introduction: Usage of smartphones have increased rapidly because of its importance in our daily life. This led to an increase in incidence of ocular problems among smartphone users. This research was conducted to determine the effect of smartphone usage on accommodation status. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among young adults aged 19 to 30 years old in Management and Science University, Shah Alam. All subjects were asked to use smartphone for 20 minutes. The symptoms and accommodation status were evaluated before and after the smartphone usage. Results: Total subjects showed the mean age of 23.60 ± 2.77 years, 50% (n = 20) were males and 50% (n = 20) were females. The mean smartphone usage per day was 8.60 ± 2.80) hours. After 20 minutes of smartphone usage, subjects complained of tired eyes (92.50%), dry eyes (90.00%), blurred vision (87.50%), and headache (82.50%). Paired t-test showed significant reduction in amplitude of accommodation, monocularly from 9.9 ± 1.9 D to 8.76 ± 2.50 D (p = 0.00), and binocularly from 12.01 ± 1.95 D to 10.96 ± 2.16 D (p = 0.00); monocular accommodative facility from 13.93 ± 3.13 cpm to 11.10 ± 4.32 cpm (p = 0.00) and binocular accommodative facility from 12.70 ± 3.57 cpm to 9.70 ± 4.21 cpm (p = 0.00); positive relative accommodation from -2.72 ± 0.87 D to -2.13 ± 1.28 D (p = 0.00) and increase in lag of accommodation from 0.4 ± 0.26 D to 0.93 ± 0.48 D (p = 0.00). Conclusion: This study shows that there were significance changes on accommodation status after 20 minutes of smartphone usage which can lead to weakness of accommodation.