Bronchial asthma （BA） is a common chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and reversible airflow limitation. Lung macrophages （LMs）， as important effector cells of the innate immune system， play an important role in recognizing and engulfing pathogens， clearing harmful particles， and regulating immune responses. LMs can be polarized to M1 （pro-inflammatory） or M2 （anti-inflammatory） in different immune environments and participate in promoting or inhibiting inflammatory response， as well as lung parenchyma injury and repair （airway remodeling）， playing a key role in the BA occurrence and development. Regulating the polarization balance of macrophages can not only inhibit the inflammatory response in the airway and reduce airway hyperresponsiveness， but also improve airway remodeling and immune regulation， reduce airway mucus secretion， and alleviate the clinical BA symptoms. Traditional Chinese medicine and its active ingredients， especially polysaccharides and saponins， can regulate the polarization balance of M1/M2 macrophages. Traditional Chinese medicine compounds can balance the secretion of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory factors by staging treatment and targeting the polarization state of M1/M2 macrophages， inhibit inflammatory response in the airway， reduce airway remodeling， and improve the BA symptoms. This paper summarized the research progress on the regulation of M1/M2 macrophage polarization by traditional Chinese medicine and its active ingredients， aiming to provide scientific evidence for the precise targeted therapy of BA.

Bronchial asthma （BA） is a common chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and reversible airflow limitation. Lung macrophages （LMs）， as important effector cells of the innate immune system， play an important role in recognizing and engulfing pathogens， clearing harmful particles， and regulating immune responses. LMs can be polarized to M1 （pro-inflammatory） or M2 （anti-inflammatory） in different immune environments and participate in promoting or inhibiting inflammatory response， as well as lung parenchyma injury and repair （airway remodeling）， playing a key role in the BA occurrence and development. Regulating the polarization balance of macrophages can not only inhibit the inflammatory response in the airway and reduce airway hyperresponsiveness， but also improve airway remodeling and immune regulation， reduce airway mucus secretion， and alleviate the clinical BA symptoms. Traditional Chinese medicine and its active ingredients， especially polysaccharides and saponins， can regulate the polarization balance of M1/M2 macrophages. Traditional Chinese medicine compounds can balance the secretion of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory factors by staging treatment and targeting the polarization state of M1/M2 macrophages， inhibit inflammatory response in the airway， reduce airway remodeling， and improve the BA symptoms. This paper summarized the research progress on the regulation of M1/M2 macrophage polarization by traditional Chinese medicine and its active ingredients， aiming to provide scientific evidence for the precise targeted therapy of BA.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of a short video based health education model in enhancing e-cigarette awareness among junior high school students, so as to provide empirical evidence for optimizing school based health education in the digital era. Methods: In December 2024, a cluster sampling method was applied to recruit 465 eighth grade students from a middle school in Kunming for a survey. The intervention was implemented through playing short videos produced by the research team in the classroom, and a self designed adolescent e-cigarette questionnaire was used to conduct assessments before and after intervention, along with qualitative interviews with 60 teachers and students by purposive sampling. Pre and post intervention outcomes were compared by using paired t-test and Chi-square test. Qualitative data underwent a three stage coding process of "open, axial, and selective coding" to construct an explanatory framework. Results: Quantitative analysis showed significant post intervention increases in both baseline awareness scores（92.1±6.6）and deep awareness scores (70.0±17.6) compared with pre intervention( 78.2± 14.0，46.1±20.5)( t =23.54，26.72，both P <0.05), both meeting the criteria for large effect sizes (Cohen s d =1.09, 1.24). The improvement in deep awareness was particularly pronounced, specifically regarding addictive ingredients, illicit additives(tiletamine,metomidate,etomidate), and misconceptions about smoking cessation efficacy ( χ 2=150.54,113.27,117.40,112.92, 69.93 , all P <0.01). Qualitative insights revealed that narrative transportation and visual enhancement were the core mechanisms of efficacy: 87.3% of students preferred contextualized narratives, 85.5% of students decoded cognitive bottlenecks more effectively because of visual enhancement, and 72.7% relied on short videos for micro learning. Conclusion Short video based health education can effectively enhance e-cigarette awareness among junior high school students, offering a pragmatically viable digital pathway for school based health education.

OBJECTIVE To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of different induction regimens for AIDS complicated with cryptococcal meningitis.METHODS PubMed,Embase,Cochranre library,Web of science,CNKI,Wanfang,Weipu and other databases were systematically searched to collect randomized controlled trials related to the induction treatments of AIDS complicated with cryptococcal meningitis.The search was limited to Oct.2024.The Cochrane risk of bias evaluation system was used to evaluate the quality of the literature,and Stata 15.1 and Revman 5.3 software were used for network meta-analysis.RESULTS A total of 17 randomized controlled trials involving 3,281 patients were included.The result of network meta-analysis showed that the treatment regi-men with the lowest early mortality was the short-course of amphotericin B+fluconazole+flucytosine;the regi-men with the lowest late mortality was a single high-dose amphotericin B liposome;the regimen with the highest 14-day fungal clearance rate was amphotericin B+flucytosine;the regimen with the lowest incidence of grade 3+4 anemia was a single high-dose amphotericin B liposome;the regimen with the lowest incidence of grade 3+4 re-nal injury was amphotericin B liposome;the regimen with the lowest incidence of grade 3-4 hypokalemia was flu-conazole+flucytosine.CONCLUSION According to the comprehensive analysis of various indices,there is good efficacy and safety for the inclusion of short-course amphotericin B regimen and single high-dose amphotericin B li-posome as induction period therapy for AIDS complicated with cryptococcal meningitis.

Objective:To investigate the prognoses of patients with medial medullary infarction (MMI) or lateral medullary infarction (LMI) and their influencing factors.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed; 489 patients with acute medullary infarction admitted to Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital from January 2017 to January 2024 were enrolled. Among them, 186 patients had MMI, which was divided into isolated MMI group ( n=126) and group of MMI with other infarcts ( n=60); 303 patients had LMI, which was divided into isolated LMI group ( n=176) and group of LMI with other infarcts ( n=127). Prognosis 90 days after onset was assessed by modified Rankin Scale (mRS, scores of 3-6 as poor prognosis). Clinical data, prognosis and mortality 90 days after onset, early neurological deterioration, respiratory failure, and complications were compared between isolated MMI group and group of MMI with other infarcts and between isolated LMI group and group of LMI with other infarcts. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were used to identify the independent influencing factors for poor prognosis 90 days after onset in patients with MMI or LMI. Results:(1) Compared with isolated MMI group, group of MMI with other infarcts had significantly lower rates of alcohol history and sensory symptoms but higher rates of Horner's syndrome, dysphagia, dysarthria, and facial palsy ( P<0.05). Compared with isolated LMI group, group of LMI with other infarcts had significantly lower rates of sensory symptoms but higher rates of dizzy and dysarthria, and statistically different Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment types ( P<0.05). (2) The poor prognosis rate 90 days after onset in patients with MMI was significantly higher than that in patients with LMI (31.8% vs. 18.8%, P<0.05). Compared with isolated MMI group, group of MMI with other infarcts had significantly higher rates of respiratory failure, urinary retention, and pulmonary infection ( P<0.05). Compared with isolated LMI group, group of LMI with other infarcts had significantly higher rates of poor prognosis 90 days after onset, mortality 90 days after onset, early neurological deterioration, respiratory failure, stress ulcers, and pulmonary infection ( P<0.05). (3) Multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that dyskinesia ( OR=10.522, 95% CI: 1.246-88.853, P=0.031) and vertical multi-level involvement ( OR=4.585, 95% CI: 1.405-14.962, P=0.012) were independent influencing factors for poor prognosis in isolated MMI patients 90 days after onset; age ( OR=1.089, 95% CI: 1.017-1.166, P=0.015), vertical multi-level involvement ( OR=9.429, 95% CI: 1.625-54.502, P=0.012) were independent influencing factors for poor prognosis in MMI patients with other infarcts 90 days after onset; age ( OR=1.069, 95% CI: 1.006-1.136, P=0.031) and vertical multi-level involvement ( OR=7.125, 95% CI: 2.243-22.636, P<0.001) were independent influencing factors for poor prognosis in isolated LMI patients 90 days after onset; diabetes ( OR=2.807, 95% CI: 1.056-7.461, P=0.038), dysphagia ( OR=6.821, 95% CI: 1.978-23.518, P=0.002), and temporal-occipital infarcts ( OR=3.419, 95% CI: 1.133-10.302, P=0.029) were independent influencing factors for poor prognosis in LMI patients with other infarcts. Conclusion:Patients with LMI had better prognosis compared with patients with MMI; however, LMI patients with other infarcts had poorer prognosis compared with LMI patients; LMI patients with diabetes mellitus, dysphagia or temporal-occipital infarcts are prone to have poor prognosis.

Salmonellosis represents a global epidemic, and the emergence of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Salmonella and its sustained transmission worldwide constitutes a significant public health concern. Flagellum-mediated motility serves as a crucial virulence trait of Salmonella that guides the pathogen toward the epithelial surface, enhancing gut colonization. Artemisia argyit essential oil, a traditional herb extract, demonstrates efficacy in treating inflammation-related symptoms and diseases; however, its effects on flagellum assembly and expression mechanisms in anti-Salmonella activity remain inadequately explored. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism by which Artemisia argyit essential oil addresses Salmonella infections. Network pharmacological analysis revealed that Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Artemisia argyit exhibited anti-Salmonella infection potential and inhibited flagellum-dependent motility. The application of Artemisia argyit essential oil induced notable motility defects through the downregulation of flagellar and fimbriae expression. Moreover, it significantly reduced Salmonella-infected cell damage by interfering with flagellum-mediated Salmonella colonization. In vivo studies demonstrated that Artemisia argyit essential oil administration effectively alleviated Salmonella infection symptoms by reducing bacterial loads, inhibiting interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production, and diminishing pathological injury. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified forty-three compounds in Artemisia argyit essential oil, with their corresponding targets and active ingredients predicted. Investigation of an in vivo model of Salmonella infection using the active ingredient demonstrated that alpha-cedrene ameliorated Salmonella infection. These findings suggest the potential application of Artemisia argyit essential oil in controlling Salmonella, the predominant food-borne pathogen.
Artemisia/chemistry* ; Oils, Volatile/chemistry* ; Animals ; Flagella/drug effects* ; Salmonella Infections/microbiology* ; Humans ; Mice ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology* ; Salmonella/pathogenicity*

Objective:To compare the efficacy and safety of irradiation-incorporated and chemotherapy only-based myeloablative conditioning regimens in haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) for patients with high-risk myeloid malignancies.Methods:This study retrospectively collected clinical data from 63 high-risk acute myeloid leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome (AML/MDS) patients who underwent haplo-HSCT at the Fifth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 2015 to December 2019. These patients were classified into the irradiation ( n = 17) and chemotherapy ( n = 46) groups based on different conditioning regimens. The differences between the two groups were compared in terms of hematopoietic reconstitution, cumulative incidence of acute/chronic graft-versus-host diseases (aGVHD and cGVHD), non-relapse mortality (NRM), relapse rate (RR), overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS), followed by the analysis of prognostic factors. Results:The median follow-up time for the irradiation and chemotherapy groups was 78.5 and 72.3 months, respectively. The median time for neutrophil engraftment was 14.0 days in the irradiation group and 14.5 d in the chemotherapy group, and for platelet engraftment was 15.0 and 13.0 d, respectively. As a result, the two groups showed no statistically significant differences in hematopoietic reconstitution ( P > 0.05). The cumulative incidence of aGVHD and cGVHD was higher in the irradiation group compared to the chemotherapy group, yet showing no statistically significant differences ( P > 0.05). Specifically, the cumulative incidence of grade Ⅱ-Ⅳ aGVHD within 100 d was 29.4% and 21.7% for the irradiation and chemotherapy groups, respectively. The cumulative incidence of grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ aGVHD was 23.5% and 13.0%, respectively. The cumulative incidence of severe cGVHD within five years was 11.8% in the irradiation group and 8.7% in the chemotherapy group. In terms of long-term survival, the cumulative 5\|year RR and NRM were 20.2% and 28.4% in the irradiation group, 5.9% and 23.9% in the chemotherapy group, respectively, showing no statistically significant differences ( P > 0.05). The 5-year DFS and OS rates were 73.9% and 47.7% in the irradiation group, and 81.1% and 54.4% in the chemotherapy group, respectively, without statistically significant differences ( P > 0.05). Notably, the irradiation group manifested more favorable DFS and OS survival curves compared to the chemotherapy group. The survival curves indicate that the irradiation-incorporated regimen exhibited better trends in OS, DFS, and cGVHD-free relapse-free survival (GRFS). However, multivariate analysis did not reveal that irradiation conditioning is an independent prognostic factor affecting survival [ HR = 0.532 (0.163-1.735), 0.370 (0.091-1.516), 0.683 (0.248-1.882), P > 0.05]. Conclusions:In haplo-HSCT for high-risk myeloid malignancies, the irradiation-incorporated conditioning regimen demonstrates lower RR and NRM, higher DFS and OS, and potentially superior survival outcomes compared to the chemotherapy only-based regimen. Therefore, the irradiation-incorporated conditioning regimen may be preferentially considered in haplo-HSCT.

Objective:To observe the tumor control and the degree of radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) between FLASH irradiation and conventional dose rate (CONV) irradiation, and compare the changes in plasma proteomic profiles of mice following whole-lung FLASH and CONV irradiation using proteomics method.Methods:A mouse model with metastatic lung cancer was established. After whole-lung irradiation, changes in normal lung capacity were monitored using CT scans. Then, a RILI model was constructed to examine pathological alterations in lung tissues following whole-lung CONV and FLASH irradiation. Plasma samples were collected from mice receiving whole-lung CONV irradiation ( n = 5) and whole-lung FLASH irradiation ( n = 5), followed by comparison with samples from the control group of healthy mice (also referred to as the healthy control group). These plasma samples were analyzed using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)-based proteomics, followed by the screening and identification of differentially expressed proteins using high-throughput bioinformatics. Moreover, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis was conducted to identify hub genes using the STRING database and Cytoscape software. Results:Whole-lung FLASH and CONV irradiation produced consistent tumor control, with the former significantly reducing RILI compared to the latter. A total of 609 proteins were identified through proteomic analysis. Among them, 89 differentially expressed proteins were detected in the whole-lung FLASH group. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis indicated that up-regulated genes were primarily associated with stress and inflammatory responses, whereas down-regulated genes were related to ATP metabolism and angiogenesis regulation. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed that up-regulated genes were predominantly enriched in unfolded protein response pathways, while down-regulated genes were mainly involved in metabolic pathways and oxidative phosphorylation. Integrated PPI analysis and subsequent validation via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed four key genes.Conclusions:Compared to the whole-lung CONV irradiation, whole-lung FLASH irradiation reduces the RILI of normal lung tissues while maintaining equivalent tumor control in metastatic lung cancer. Proteomic analysis of differentially expressed proteins in plasma after whole-lung FLASH and CONV irradiation provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the FLASH effect.

Biochemistry,as a fundamental course for science and engineering majors related to biology and chemistry,holds a significant position in the curriculum.The course team at Dalian Minzu University is committed to teaching innovation,adopting the outcome-based education(OBE)concept for teaching de-sign and incorporating ideological and political elements,in order to achieve the dual goals of knowledge transmission and value guidance.The team has established a three-dimensional teaching goal of"knowl-edge,morality,and ability",covering"consolidating core knowledge,cultivating moral sentiment,and enhancing innovation ability".Through a multi-dimensional integrated teaching method of"three integra-tions and five combinations",multiple rounds of teaching practice have been carried out in the applied chemistry major using"classification and specificity of enzyme"as an example.The output of teaching re-sults and survey questionnaires show that students highly recognize the teaching design and its"process-based learning"evaluation method,fully reflecting the student-centered teaching idea.Research has shown that OBE design combined with ideological and political elements can effectively promote students' knowl-edge acquisition,moral growth,and innovation ability improvement in the course of Biochemistry.This teaching design not only helps students construct correct worldviews,outlooks on life,and values,but also significantly enhances their innovative thinking and practical abilities.This teaching design can not only ef-fectively improve the teaching quality of the course,but also provide new perspectives and ideas for the teaching design of Biochemistry,realizing the organic integration of professional knowledge imparting and i-deological and political education,and has certain innovation and practical significance.

Objective:To investigate the prognoses of patients with medial medullary infarction (MMI) or lateral medullary infarction (LMI) and their influencing factors.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed; 489 patients with acute medullary infarction admitted to Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital from January 2017 to January 2024 were enrolled. Among them, 186 patients had MMI, which was divided into isolated MMI group ( n=126) and group of MMI with other infarcts ( n=60); 303 patients had LMI, which was divided into isolated LMI group ( n=176) and group of LMI with other infarcts ( n=127). Prognosis 90 days after onset was assessed by modified Rankin Scale (mRS, scores of 3-6 as poor prognosis). Clinical data, prognosis and mortality 90 days after onset, early neurological deterioration, respiratory failure, and complications were compared between isolated MMI group and group of MMI with other infarcts and between isolated LMI group and group of LMI with other infarcts. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were used to identify the independent influencing factors for poor prognosis 90 days after onset in patients with MMI or LMI. Results:(1) Compared with isolated MMI group, group of MMI with other infarcts had significantly lower rates of alcohol history and sensory symptoms but higher rates of Horner's syndrome, dysphagia, dysarthria, and facial palsy ( P<0.05). Compared with isolated LMI group, group of LMI with other infarcts had significantly lower rates of sensory symptoms but higher rates of dizzy and dysarthria, and statistically different Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment types ( P<0.05). (2) The poor prognosis rate 90 days after onset in patients with MMI was significantly higher than that in patients with LMI (31.8% vs. 18.8%, P<0.05). Compared with isolated MMI group, group of MMI with other infarcts had significantly higher rates of respiratory failure, urinary retention, and pulmonary infection ( P<0.05). Compared with isolated LMI group, group of LMI with other infarcts had significantly higher rates of poor prognosis 90 days after onset, mortality 90 days after onset, early neurological deterioration, respiratory failure, stress ulcers, and pulmonary infection ( P<0.05). (3) Multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that dyskinesia ( OR=10.522, 95% CI: 1.246-88.853, P=0.031) and vertical multi-level involvement ( OR=4.585, 95% CI: 1.405-14.962, P=0.012) were independent influencing factors for poor prognosis in isolated MMI patients 90 days after onset; age ( OR=1.089, 95% CI: 1.017-1.166, P=0.015), vertical multi-level involvement ( OR=9.429, 95% CI: 1.625-54.502, P=0.012) were independent influencing factors for poor prognosis in MMI patients with other infarcts 90 days after onset; age ( OR=1.069, 95% CI: 1.006-1.136, P=0.031) and vertical multi-level involvement ( OR=7.125, 95% CI: 2.243-22.636, P<0.001) were independent influencing factors for poor prognosis in isolated LMI patients 90 days after onset; diabetes ( OR=2.807, 95% CI: 1.056-7.461, P=0.038), dysphagia ( OR=6.821, 95% CI: 1.978-23.518, P=0.002), and temporal-occipital infarcts ( OR=3.419, 95% CI: 1.133-10.302, P=0.029) were independent influencing factors for poor prognosis in LMI patients with other infarcts. Conclusion:Patients with LMI had better prognosis compared with patients with MMI; however, LMI patients with other infarcts had poorer prognosis compared with LMI patients; LMI patients with diabetes mellitus, dysphagia or temporal-occipital infarcts are prone to have poor prognosis.