This study sought to characterise the chemical composition of electronic cigarette liquids (e-liquids) available on the Klang Valley market, with a focus on identifying toxic compounds and understanding the key factors that determine flavour categories. The work addresses growing public health concerns regarding the proliferation of unregulated vaping products. Two hundred e-liquid samples collected from the Klang Valley were analysed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify and quantify their chemical constituents. Decision Tree Analysis (DTA) was then applied to investigate associations between specific toxic compounds and different flavour profiles. Nicotine was detected in 196 of 200 samples (98.0%), with a mean relative concentration of 48.79% (SD 20.69; range 4.99–92.67) based on GC–MS peak-area estimation. GC–MS profiling identified 459 compounds in total, including 11 chemicals of potential toxicological concern. Decision Tree Analysis identified ethyl vanillin as the most significant variable for flavour classification (χ² = 80.688, df = 3, p < 0.001), with concentrations above 0.07154% more commonly associated with coffee, dessert, nut and tea profiles. Concentrations below 0.07154% were primarily linked to sweet, fruity flavours, whereas higher levels were characteristic of richer, dessert-like profiles. These findings indicate that the Klang Valley e-liquid market is heavily dominated by nicotine-containing products and flavour additives, with ethyl vanillin being a particularly prevalent flavouring agent. Of particular concern is the widespread presence of ethyl vanillin, as flavour aldehydes may undergo thermal transformation during vaping and contribute to inhalation exposure to potentially harmful degradation products. This underscores an urgent need for evidence-based regulatory standards, including limits on specific flavour additives to mitigate potential inhalation health risks.

and Relevance: This review highlights the list of parasites infecting rodents in Malaysia, provides information on the molecular and pathological findings from previous studies, and identifies some of the limitations and knowledge gaps that suggest future research to address the issues, including the paucity of information on blood parasites, molecular, and histopathological studies of parasites in rodents.

and Relevance: This review highlights the list of parasites infecting rodents in Malaysia, provides information on the molecular and pathological findings from previous studies, and identifies some of the limitations and knowledge gaps that suggest future research to address the issues, including the paucity of information on blood parasites, molecular, and histopathological studies of parasites in rodents.

and Relevance: This review highlights the list of parasites infecting rodents in Malaysia, provides information on the molecular and pathological findings from previous studies, and identifies some of the limitations and knowledge gaps that suggest future research to address the issues, including the paucity of information on blood parasites, molecular, and histopathological studies of parasites in rodents.

and Relevance: This review highlights the list of parasites infecting rodents in Malaysia, provides information on the molecular and pathological findings from previous studies, and identifies some of the limitations and knowledge gaps that suggest future research to address the issues, including the paucity of information on blood parasites, molecular, and histopathological studies of parasites in rodents.

Cheiloscopy may not be as well-known as other techniques of identification, such as fingerprint or DNA analysis, but it has its own impact in the appropriate circumstances. Cheiloscopy has been recognized as an important tool for human identification. A manual approach of studying lip prints was utilised by many researchers (magnifying glasses). Nonetheless, the current study relied solely on a mobile phone camera to visually capture lip prints for sex determination. 377 samples of lip prints were analysed with Adobe Photoshop software and classified into six different types of lip print patterns, according to Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classifications. Lip prints were divided into six sections including upper left, upper middle, upper right, lower left, lower middle and lower right. Pearson's Chi-square test revealed significant differences between male and female lip prints (p < 0.05) among the Malaysian Malay population of the Klang Valley, with Type V (irregular pattern) lip prints being the most prevalent. In comparison to magnifying glasses, our studies proved the ability to record and examine lip prints utilising a digital approach.

A post-mortem decomposition is defined by the evaluation of the physical and chemical changes of a cadaver or a carcass in order to estimate the cause of death and the time of death. The purpose of this study is not to replicate a real crime scene but to enhance knowledge of the effects of clothing in a decomposition process, mainly, the effects of layered cotton clothing on the post-mortem decomposition of adult female rat carcasses. Fifteen rats were divided into three groups: control, one-layered and two-layered clothed. The control subjects were unclothed and used to compare the post-mortem changes with the clothed subjects, one-layered and two-layered rat carcasses. All subjects were placed outdoor, 2.5 meters away from each other on grass bushes and dead leaves. Ambient temperature and humidity were recorded to observe if it associates with the post-mortem changes of the rats. Insect activity on each subject was observed. Post-mortem changes were measured using the Total Body Score system. The results showed that the control group underwent a faster decomposition compared to the clothed groups. The different layers of clothing did not show a vast difference in post-mortem changes. The ambient temperature of 28°C influences the post-mortem decomposition. The decomposition was rapid under the dominance of maggots compared to ants as ant colonies delayed the decomposition process. The study gave the knowledge of the effect of clothing in decomposition of female rats in forensic science.