Background: Early recognition and prevention of common childhood illnesses are essential to reduce morbidity and mortality among children under five. Aim: To assess parental knowledge and preventive practices related to childhood illnesses in Mongolia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 175 parents and caregivers of children aged 0–59 months attending primary health care facilities in urban and rural areas. Data were collected using structured interviews assessing knowledge of general danger signs, prevention of diarrhea and respiratory illnesses, household environmental risk factors, and injury prevention. Descriptive statistics and comparative analyses were performed, with statistical sig nificance set at p<0.05. Results: Urban caregivers identified significantly more general danger signs than rural caregivers (mean 5.3 vs 3.2; p<0.001). Knowledge levels did not differ between caregivers of ill and healthy children. Preventive practices related to diarrhea showed no significant association with child illness status. Rural households reported higher exposure to indoor air pollution from solid fuel use. Injuries requiring medical attention were reported in 22.9% of children, with no signifi cant differences in injury prevention knowledge. Conclusion Parental knowledge varied by place of residence rather than child health status, underscoring the need for context-specific health education within primary health care services, particularly in rural settings.

Background: Medical education has shifted toward integrated, student-centered curricula. Mongolia’s School of Medicine adopted a vertically integrated block model, yet systematic evaluation through student feedback remains limited. Aim: To evaluate the quality of the block curriculum for the “General Medicine” program based on student satisfaction, and to identify factors influencing satisfaction with course content. Materials and Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted using a questionnaire survey between January 2023 and January 2026. A total of 1,130 students (66.8% of the source population) were selected through stratified random sampling from 1,692 third- to sixth-year medical students enrolled in the Doctor of Medicine program at the School of Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS). The mean age of participants was 22.18±1.43 years, of whom 79.7% were female and 20.3% were male. Educational quality was evaluated across three domains: educational content (59 items), learning environment (59 items), and course organization (59 items), using a 5-point Likert scale (5=strongly agree, 4=agree, 3=neutral, 2=disagree, 1=strongly disagree). Internal consistency reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. Differences between blocks were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD post hoc test. Pearson correlation analysis was used to examine associations among domains, while factors influencing educational content were identified using multivariable linear regression analysis. Statistical significance was established at the 95% confidence level (p<0.05). Results: The questionnaire demonstrated high internal consistency across all seven blocks (Cronbach’s α=0.888–0.937). The overall mean scores were 4.00±0.78 for educational content, 3.91±0.85 for learning environment, and 3.92±0.82 for course organization. Block 6 received the highest ratings across all domains, including educational content (4.15±0.74), learning environment (4.04±0.81), and course organization (4.03±0.81), whereas Block 1A had the lowest mean scores (3.82–3.92). One-way ANOVA revealed statistically significant differences among blocks across all three domains (p≤0.005); however, the effect sizes were very small (Partial η²=0.003–0.006). Tukey’s HSD test showed that Block 6 was rated significantly higher than Block 1A in educational content by 0.226 points (95% CI: 0.103–0.349, p<0.001) and in course organization by 0.206 points (95% CI: 0.078–0.334, p<0.001). Strong positive correlations were observed among educational content, learning environment, and course organization (r=0.747–0.820, p<0.001). Academic year demonstrated weak negative correlations with all three evaluation domains (r=−0.033 to −0.045, p<0.05). Multivariable linear regression analysis indicated that learning environment (β=0.348, p<0.001) and course organization (β=0.487, p<0.001) explained 63.6% of the variance in educational content ratings (R²=0.636, F(2,5894)=5143.82, p<0.001). Conclusion The study findings demonstrated that students generally evaluated the content, learning environment, and organization of the integrated block curriculum positively, with higher ratings observed in senior-level blocks. The strong positive correlations among these dimensions suggest that they are interrelated factors influencing student satisfaction. Furthermore, multivariable linear regression analysis revealed that course organization and the learning environment had the greatest influence on the evaluation of educational content. These findings indicate that improving course scheduling, instructional organization, and the learning environment is essential for enhancing educational quality and students’ perceived value of the curriculum.

Background: Globally, medical education has been shifting from traditional discipline-based models toward student-centered, outcome-based, and integrated curricula. The Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS) has implemented a six-block integrated curriculum; however, evidence on how teaching methodology and assessment practices influence student learning outcomes within this framework remains limited. Aim: To determine the effect of teaching methodology and assessment practices on student learning outcomes in a block-based undergraduate medical curriculum. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted from January 2023 to January 2026 among 1,130 undergraduate medical students (years 3–6) at the School of Medicine, MNUMS. A stratified random sampling method was applied, representing 66.8% of the target population. Data were collected using a structured 185-item questionnaire based on a 5-point Likert scale. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc tests, and multiple linear regression using SPSS version 26.0. Internal consistency was high (Cronbach’s α=0.90–0.98). Results: The overall mean evaluation score was 4.00±0.73. A decreasing trend in scores was observed with advancing academic years, with final-year students reporting the lowest scores (M≈3.92). Significant inter-year differences were found in Blocks 3 and 4 (p<0.05), suggesting a potential gap during the theory-to-clinical transition. Blocks 5 and 6 showed consistently high and stable scores (M≈4.10–4.15). Teaching methodology and assessment practices were strong predictors of learning outcomes (β=0.289–0.610), with regression models explaining 67–77% of the variance (R²=0.668–0.774). Elevated VIF values indicated multicollinearity among predictors. Conclusion Teaching methodology and assessment practices were found to be decisive determinants of learning outcomes within the integrated block curriculum (R²=0.668–0.774). Although overall student evaluations exceeded the mean threshold, a systematic decline observed across advancing academic years reflects the phenomenon of retrospective critical evaluation, while inter-year discrepancies in Blocks 3 and 4 indicate insufficient curricular coherence during the theory-to-clinical transition. Therefore, it is imperative to further develop the curriculum in a competency-based framework, and to reform both teaching methodology and assessment practices in alignment with clinical competence requirements.

Background: Between 2017 and 2021, the prevalence of obesity among children aged 2-19 years reached 19.7%, affecting approximately 14.7 million children, with rates of 12.7% among those aged 2-5 years and 22.2% among those aged 6-11 years. Globally, dental caries is among the most common non-communicable diseases, often leading to pain, infection, tooth loss, and reduced quality of life. In Mongolia, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents has increased markedly since 2010, beginning at an early age. In 2018, one in six children under five years and one in eight adolescents were overweight. Aim: This study aimed to assess selected non-communicable disease risk factors among children and adolescents. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, using Family Health Centers across all nine districts. A total of 622 children aged 6–17 years were included. Anthropometric measurements (weight, height, and waist circumference) were obtained, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Oral health examinations were performed to determine the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) index. Nutritional status was classified based on age and sex-specific growth charts into normal weight, overweight, and obesity categories. Results: Among the participants, 10.29% (n=64) were overweight and 9.97% (n=62) were obese. Overweight was more prevalent among girls, whereas obesity was relatively higher among boys (p<0.001). Regarding dental caries, 37.6% (n=234) of participants had no caries (DMFT=0), 48.1% (n=299) had mild caries (DMFT=1-2), and 14.3% had moderate to severe caries (DMFT≥3). The overall prevalence of dental caries was 62.38%, with significant variation by age group: highest in children aged 6-9 years (69.9%) and lowest in those aged 15-17 years (46.1%) (p<0.001). No statistically significant association was found between BMI categories and dental caries status. Although normal weight predominated in the DMFT=0 and DMFT=1-2 groups, logistic regression adjusted for age and sex showed no significant relationship between BMI and dental caries. However, children aged 6-9 years had a significantly higher likelihood of having dental caries compared to those aged 15-17 years (OR=0.39, 95% CI: 0.24-0.63, p<0.001). Conclusions 1. Among the risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), overweight and obesity were highly prevalent among children, with one in every five children classified as overweight or obese. The prevalence among male children was approximately two times higher than that among female children (p<0.001). 2. The prevalence of dental caries among the study participants was 90.7%, with a mean caries intensity of 6.4, indicating high level of severity. Age-group analysis demonstrated that children aged 6–10 years exhibited the highest prevalence and severity of dental caries, with a prevalence of 93.5% and a mean caries intensity of 7.3.

Background: Population health literacy constitutes a comprehensive competency to access, understand, appraise, and apply health information, serving as a foundational prerequisite for disease prevention frameworks. Within primary healthcare settings, nursing counseling plays a pivotal role in fostering healthy behaviors among citizens; however, there remains a critical need to quantitatively evaluate the correlation between these behavioral modifications and health literacy, thereby establishing an evidence-based analysis. Aim: To assess the level of health literacy and healthy lifestyle habits among citizens, and to evaluate their correlation with nursing counseling and support. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytic study was conducted between August and September 2026, enrolling 145 citizens aged 18 and older who received care at the Tsetsekhairkhan Family Health Center of Songinokhairkhan district, Ulaanbaatar city and Telmen Soum Health Center in Zavkhan Province. HL was evaluated using the Mongolian version of the HLS-EU-Q16 questionnaire, and total scores were calculated. Nursing involvement was evaluated via a structured questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 21.0, utilizing logistic regression analysis to determine Odds Ratios (OR) and p-values. Results: The mean HLS-EU-Q16 score of the participants (n=145) was 10.4±3.2. Regarding HL level distribution, 42.1% (n=61) were inadequate, 34.5% (n=50) were problematic/limited, and 23.4% (n=34) possessed sufficient health literacy. Participants perceived nursing support as highly influential (58.8%) and moderately influential (29.8%) in adopting healthy habits. Regular recipients of health counseling from nurses demonstrated a 3.79-fold higher likelihood of actively pursuing a healthy lifestyle (OR=3.79, 95% CI: 1.84–7.81, p=0.001) and a 3.05-fold higher likelihood of implementing the counseling into practice (OR=3.05, 95% CI: 1.35–6.88, p=0.0076). Conclusion Although citizens exhibit a limited capacity to independently search for and appraise health information—reflecting an overall inadequate level of HL—nurse-led counseling and support exert a direct, statistically significant positive impact on enhancing healthy behaviors among citizens.

Background: Evaluating diabetes screening coverage, newly diagnosed cases, and regular follow-up indicators is essential for improving diabetes care. However, comparative studies assessing these indicators at the district level in Mongolia remain limited. Aim: To evaluate diabetes screening coverage, the detection of newly diagnosed diabetes, and the distribution of specialist consultations in Chingeltei District, Mongolia, and to assess the current status of diabetes care. Materials and Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted using aggregated healthcare statistics from Chingeltei District for 2024, 2025, and the first half of 2026. Data were collected on diabetes screening coverage, newly diagnosed cases per 1,000 individuals screened, the distribution of specialist consultations, and International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) diagnostic codes from 2,448 diabetes-related consultations recorded in 2025. Results: Diabetes screening coverage increased from 68.6% (39,677/57,856) in 2024 to 72.7% (41,953/57,690) in 2025. Coverage was 43.1% during the first half of 2026. The number of newly diagnosed diabetes cases increased from 32 in 2024 to 95 in 2025, corresponding to an increase in the detection rate from 0.81 to 2.26 cases per 1,000 individuals screened (risk ratio [RR]=2.81; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.88–4.19). The total numbers of diabetes-related specialist consultations were 9,000 in 2024, 9,127 in 2025, and 7,633 during the first half of 2026. The proportions of consultations classified as active follow-up visits were 35.3%, 54.1%, and 47.9%, respectively. Among 2,448 consultations recorded in 2025, 74.0% were coded as diabetes without complications, whereas 26.0% were coded as diabetes with complications or unspecified complications. Conclusions 1. Although diabetes screening coverage and the number of newly diagnosed cases increased in Chingeltei District from 2024 to 2025, the detection rate per 1,000 people remained low, and diagnostic confirmation was relatively limited. 2. There is a need to improve the accuracy of diagnostic confirmation in the diabetes registry, particularly the coding of diabetic complications.

Background: Mongolia’s long-term development policy, Vision 2050, aims to ensure that every citizen has full access to primary health care services and to increase the country’s average life expectancy. According to the “Primary Health Care Service Quality and Accessibility Survey,” the diagnostic capacity of family health centers (FHCs) in Mongolia was 42.1%. There is a need to further identify issues related to laboratory human resources, equipment supply, quality assurance, and monitoring. Aim: To assess the current status of laboratory diagnostic services in family health centers in Ulaanbaatar city. Materials and Methods: The study collected data using a questionnaire developed based on resources such as the WHO’s Service Availability and Readiness Assessment (SARA), USAID’s Laboratory Assessment Tools, the Ministry of Health’s 2023 Order No. A/283 on updated guidelines for services provided by family, soum, and bagh health centers, and the national standard “Structure and Operation of Family Health Centers (MNS 5292:2017).” A total of 46 FHCs in Ulaanbaatar were randomly selected for the study. Results: The average population served by the participating FHCs was 10,228±4043, with 73.9% (n=34) serving over 8,000 people. On average, each center employed 5±2 physicians and nurses. A clinical pathologist was employed at 50.0% (n=23) of the centers, of which 26.1% (n=6) were full-time and 73.9% (n=17) were contract-based. Availability of laboratory equipment was as follows: Complete blood count (CBC) analyzers: 60.9% (n=28) Biochemistry analyzers: 50.0% (n=23) Urinalysis equipment: 97.8% (n=45) The availability of laboratory equipment was not significantly associated with the size of the population served (p=0.54; p=0.63; p=0.74). Among FHCs with laboratory equipment: 82.1% (n=23) performed CBC tests 87.0% (n=20) performed biochemistry tests 97.8% (n=44) conducted urinalysis tests. Participation in internal and external quality control programs was significantly higher among centers with specialized laboratory staff compared to those without (p=0.008; p=0.08). The number of tests and biochemistry parameters performed was also significantly higher in centers with specialized laboratory personnel (p=0.001, p=0.001). However, the availability and use of rapid diagnostic tests did not differ based on population size or the presence of specialized laboratory staff (p=0.8; p=0.6). Conclusion 1. In Ulaanbaatar, only half of the family health centers have specialized laboratory personnel. 2. Laboratory equipment availability was between 50.0% and 60.9%. Centers with specialized laboratory staff showed significantly better performance in internal and external quality control and broader diagnostic testing services. 3. Differences in diagnostic services were associated with both the population size served and the availability of specialized laboratory staff, indicating the need to strengthen primary health care accessibility and capacity.

Background: In accordance with the development of a rapid pace of modern medical science, requirements for the scholars and teachers of universities that provide the medical professionals throughout the world increase every year and there is an urging demand for the scholars and teachers to develop themselves continuously. Methods: In order to assess the influence of the cooperation on the teacher’s development, we chose 43 teachers who participated in professional development training of the Yonsei university by using non-probabilistic collection method. Results: 77,19 % of the study participant teachers responded that professional development training greatly influenced to their teaching skills improvement. 19,3 % responded that it was well influenced, and 3.51% responded as slightly influenced. The majority of the participants or 43,86% responded that the professionaly training greatly influenced to their clinical aid and service skill improvement. 36,84% responded as well influenced,12.28 % responded as moderely influenced, 3.51 % responded as slightly influenced and 3.51% responded.The question of how the training influenced for their improvement of scientific research, 3% responded as not influenced at all, 11 % responded as slightly influenced, 30 % respoded as well inflienced and 56% responded as greatly influenced. Conclusion The participants responded to the question on how the training has influenced on professional development training as greatly influenced to their teaching skills improvement. As teachers from the branch universities who participated in the study have a statistical significance. (p=0,04)

Trough WHO recommendation hysteroscopy is the golden standart technique of uterine cavity evalution. First Maternity Hospital of Mongolia have been implemented gynecological laparoscopic surgery since 2009, then from 2013 we have started diagnostic and operative hysteroscopy. A hysteroscopy may be done to find the cause of abnormal bleeding or bleeding that occurs after a woman has passed menopause. It also may be done to diagnose infertility. Also a hysteroscopy can be used to remove growths in the uterus, such as fibroids or polyps. We evaluated results of gynecological diagnostic and operative hysteroscopy, which was done in First maternity hospital.We took special questionnaires from 39 women and did prospective analyses.39 patients, who were done hysteroscopy were involved our study from November 2013 to January 2015. 51% of participants were reproductive age women. Under 20 years old participants who underwent diagnostic hysteroscopy due to hyperplasia of endometrium were 3%, they were performed biopsy. From all participants 87,2% performed operative hysteroscopy, 12,8% was diagnostic hysteroscopy. After diagnostic and operative hysteroscopy, 97% of patients had no symptoms, but last 3% of patients had lower abdominal pain. If clarify diagnosis which is approved after diagnostic and operative hysteroscopy 51.3% was displaced IUD, 35.9% was endometrial polyp, 2.6% was hyperplasia endometrium, 10.3% was infertility. Complication was 2.6% through postmenopausal participants if compared with premenopausal women. Diagnostic and operative hysteroscopic procedure has benefits for synehia, septum of uterus, endometrial hyperplasia, abnormal uterine bleeding, submucosal myomectomy. From all participants 87,2% performed operative hysteroscopy, 12,8% was diagnostic hysteroscopy. Hysteroscopy was done when displaced IUD (51.3%), polyp of endometrium (35.9%), hyperplasia of endometrium (2.6%), and infertility (10.3%).Complications after hysteroscopy depends from menopause.

Trough WHO recommendation hysteroscopy is the golden standart technique of uterine cavity evalution. First Maternity Hospital of Mongolia have been implemented gynecological laparoscopic surgery since 2009, then from 2013 we have started diagnostic and operative hysteroscopy. A hysteroscopy may be done to find the cause of abnormal bleeding or bleeding that occurs after a woman has passed menopause. It also may be done to diagnose infertility. Also a hysteroscopy can be used to remove growths in the uterus, such as fibroids or polyps. We evaluated results of gynecological diagnostic and operative hysteroscopy, which was done in First maternity hospital.We took special questionnaires from 39 women and did prospective analyses.39 patients, who were done hysteroscopy were involved our study from November 2013 to January 2015. 51% of participants were reproductive age women. Under 20 years old participants who underwent diagnostic hysteroscopy due to hyperplasia of endometrium were 3%, they were performed biopsy. From all participants 87,2% performed operative hysteroscopy, 12,8% was diagnostic hysteroscopy. After diagnostic and operative hysteroscopy, 97% of patients had no symptoms, but last 3% of patients had lower abdominal pain. If clarify diagnosis which is approved after diagnostic and operative hysteroscopy 51.3% was displaced IUD, 35.9% was endometrial polyp, 2.6% was hyperplasia endometrium, 10.3% was infertility. Complication was 2.6% through postmenopausal participants if compared with premenopausal women. Diagnostic and operative hysteroscopic procedure has benefits for synehia, septum of uterus, endometrial hyperplasia, abnormal uterine bleeding, submucosal myomectomy. From all participants 87,2% performed operative hysteroscopy, 12,8% was diagnostic hysteroscopy. Hysteroscopy was done when displaced IUD (51.3%), polyp of endometrium (35.9%), hyperplasia of endometrium (2.6%), and infertility (10.3%).Complications after hysteroscopy depends from menopause.