Background: Azoospermia is the most severe form of male infertility, affecting approximately 1% of all men and 10–15% of infertile men. Previous studies have identified several risk factors, including smoking, alcohol consumption, hormonal disorders, testicular injury, and inflammatory diseases of the male reproductive system. Aim: To investigate selected risk factors associated with azoospermia-related infertility in Mongolian men. Materials and Methods: A case–control study was conducted to identify and estimate risk factors for azoospermia among Mongolian men. The case group included men diagnosed with azoospermia between 2019 and 2021 at the First Central Hospital of Mongolia and the “RMC” National Center for Assisted Reproduction. The control group consisted of men with normal semen parameters according to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, with a case-to-control ratio of 1:2. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, and semen analysis was performed and evaluated in accordance with WHO standards. Result: A total of 180 participants were included, comprising 57 cases with azoospermia and 123 controls with normal semen analysis. The mean age was 35.56 ± 6.95 years (35.80 ± 7.79 in controls and 35.04±4.66 in cases). Socioeconomic and lifestyle factors were not significantly associated with azoospermia risk. However, a history of inflammatory diseases of the male reproductive system increased the risk by 6.4-fold (χ²=22.87, p<0.01). A history of mumps infection was associated with a 2.3-fold increased risk (χ²=6.43, p<0.01). Sexually transmitted infections, particularly gonorrhea, increased the risk by 1.8-fold (p<0.05). Conclusion Among Mongolian men, inflammatory conditions of the male reproductive system, sexually transmitted infections, and a history of mumps are significant risk factors for azoospermia-related infertility, whereas socioeconomic factors appear to have no significant effect.

Background: Azoospermia is the most severe form of male infertility, affecting approximately 1% of male population and 10–15% of infertile men. In azoospermia cases, sperm retrieval from the testis or epididymis through surgical procedures is used for assisted reproductive treatments. When no sperm is retrieved, recent approaches in medicine suggest using immunohistochemical methods to evaluate spermatogenesis in testicular tissue and plan further treatments. Aim: To evaluate spermatogenesis in testicular tissue of azoospermic patients using immunohistochemistry and compare the findings with the clinical outcomes of sperm retrieval procedures. Materials and Methods: This study included 71 azoospermic men who underwent micro-TESE procedures at the IVF center (RMC) between 2019 and 2023. The excised testicular tissues were fixed, processed histologically, and evaluated using Johnson’s score. The presence of spermatozoa in seminiferous tubules was detected by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining, using markers such as TEX101 and LDHC. Results: Johnson’s score was categorized into three groups: poor, moderate, and good spermatogenesis. These were statistically compared with hormonal levels and surgical sperm retrieval outcomes. There were significant differences in Johnson’s scores and serum FSH and LH levels among the three groups (p < 0.005). TEX101 and LDHC proteins were strongly expressed in the good group, weakly in the moderate group, and absent in the poor group. The success rate of sperm retrieval was 100% (17/17) in the good group, 96.29% (26/27) in the moderate group, and only 29.62% (8/27) in the poor group. Conclusion Histological evaluation of spermatogenesis in azoospermic patients can help predict the outcome of surgical sperm retrieval, indicating its clinical value in treatment planning.

Background: Spine diseases, back pain, curvature, and intervertebral disorders are increasing among the population of Mongolia. According to a study of diseases covering 195 countries of the world in 1990-2016, spine disease ranked third among non-communicable diseases. However, at present, very little research has been done on the prevalence of spinal diseases among the population of Mongolia. Research goal: Detecting the location of spinal pain in patients with back pain, curvature and other pains who visited “Altanmed” hospital. Research methods: The study was conducted in a hospital setting using a snapshot survey method. From January 1, 2021, to January 1, 2022, a total of 2,210 patients were examined and treated at “Altanmed” hospital, of which 560 therapists were randomly selected from patients over 18 years old and participated in the study. Subjects were asked to complete a questionnaire and rate their pain on a 0-10 scale. Conclusion
1. 69.8% (n=391) of 560 patients who came to “Altanmed” hospital with back pain were lumbar and lower back pain.
2. 74.4% (n=291) or the majority has lumbar and lower back pain among patients aged 31-50. Of the 391 clients with lower back pain, 11.5% or 45 had mild (pain score 1-3), 52.9% (n=207) moderate (pain score 4-6), and 35.5% (n=139) severe pain (pain score 7-10), and the groups differ with statistical probability (p<0.01).
3. Regarding the duration of pain, 8.4% (n=33) had acute pain up to the last 3 months, and the remaining 91.6% had chronic back pain. The average pain scale was 5.76 (SD±1.8).

Introduction: Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) revolutionizedthe treatment of urolithiasis and graduallybecame the favorite treatment option sothat today it is considered to be the first lineof treatment for patients with urolithiasis.The purpose of this study was assessment oftherapeutic efficacy, complications of ESWLin urolithiasis in Mongolia.Material and methods: A total of46 patients harboring renal and ureteralstones underwent ESWL between March2016 and September 2016 at First CentralHospital of Mongolia. Karl Storz ModulithSLK electromagnetic machines were usedto impart shock waves. All collected stonefragments sent for biochemical analysis.Results: A total of 46 patients 23 weremales (50%). Patients were mean age of34. The stone size distribution was 0.5cmto 3.1cm. The average treatment time wasranging from 75-110 minutes. The averagenumber of shock waves per treatmentwas 3172±378 (range 1500-4000). Theoverall success rate was 75.73%. All calculidisintegrated satisfactorily except for 3stones, which is located lower 1/3rd ofureter. Stone composition analysis proved tobe composed entirely or predominantly ofcalcium oxalate monohydrate. These patientsrequired to have ureterolithoextraction. Calculicomposition for remaining patients 12 werecalcium oxalate monohydrate, 17 calciumoxalate dehydrate, 6 uric acid and 1 struvite.Complications were mostly minor and rare.Most of the patients (90.7%) developedmacroscopic hematuria after treatment; fewpatients developed mild bruising at the entryand exit sites of the shockwaves on the bodywall. Severe complications such as renalhematoma and steinstrasse were diagnosedfor one patient each and their managementwas non-surgical.Conclusion: ESWL is therefore the firstline treatment for urolithiasis with stonesize smaller than 2cm. It has an efficiencyrate above 75, low procedure time, highsafety and good tolerability and minimalcomplication.