Background: Healthcare workers are at risk of obesity and sleep disorders due to workload and night-shift schedules. However, studies examining the relationship between obesity and sleep patterns among healthcare workers in Mongolia are relatively limited. Aim: To investigate the prevalence of obesity and its association with sleep patterns among healthcare workers in Bayanzurkh district. Materials and Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among healthcare workers in Bayanzurkh district between October and December 2025. A total of 293 employees who met the inclusion criteria voluntarily participated in the study and responded to 51 questionnaire items assessing health behaviors and risks using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), which were developed collaboratively by the World Health Organization, the United Nations, and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Participants’ height and weight were measured to determine body mass index (BMI), which was classified into six categories according to WHO criteria. Waist circumference was measured to assess central obesity. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 23.0, and associations were evaluated using correlation and ANOVA tests. Results: Among the participants, 83.3% were female and 37.9% were aged 25–34 years. Based on BMI classification, 40.6% had normal weight, 42.0% were overweight, and 15.4% were obese. Central obesity was observed in 63.3% of males and 67.6% of females. Among the participants, 56.7% reported sleeping 5–6 hours per night, and 67.2% consumed coffee or energy drinks to recover from sleep deprivation. According to the Insomnia Severity Index, 30.7% had normal sleep, 39.9% had mild insomnia, 23.5% had moderate insomnia, and 5.8% had severe insomnia. No statistically significant association was found between BMI and insomnia severity (p>0.05). However, longer sleep latency after going to bed and working night shifts were associated with increased insomnia severity (p<0.05). According to the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, 63.8% of participants had good sleep quality and 35.8% had poor sleep quality, and a very weak correlation was observed between sleep quality and BMI (r=0.135, p<0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of overweight and obesity among healthcare workers was found to be high. A very weak association was observed between BMI and sleep quality.

Background: As the world population ages, the prevalence of osteoporosis is increasing, becoming a major health problem. In Mongolia, a trend of bone structural changes and fractures due to metabolic syndrome and its complications has been observed in a study by Baatar N (2017). However, the lack of research on the relationship between central obesity indicators such as neck circumference and bone mineral density, was the reason for conducting this study. Aim: To determine the relationship between neck circumference, an indicator of central obesity, and bone mineral density among citizens attending the First National Central Hospital. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted using an analytical cross-sectional study design. A total of 224 participants aged 30 years and older were included in the study. Participants’ lifestyle and health questionnaires were collected using a standard questionnaire, and anthropometric measurements (neck circumference, waist circumference, height, and weight) were performed. Bone mineral density was measured and evaluated using the EXA-PRESTO (Osteo Sys, 2022) device. The results of the study were processed using the SPSS-26.0 program. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the association between gender and osteoporosis. The chi-square test (χ²=1.132, p=0.287) showed that gender was not associated with osteoporosis. The odds ratio (OR) analysis showed that women were 1.33 times more likely to develop osteoporosis than men (OR=1.33, 95% CI: 0.78–2.27), but this difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). When neck circumference was stratified into groups, there was no statistically significant association in women (χ²(4)=3.137, p=0.535), but in men the association was significant when the neck circumference was ≤ 39 cm (χ²(4)=10.192, p=0.037). Conclusion The results of the study showed that the female group had a higher risk of osteoporosis than the male group (OR=1.33), but this difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). This may be due to changes in bone metabolism due to hormonal changes in women, especially the decrease in estrogen.

Background: Globally, approximately 684,000 deaths occur annually due to falls. In Mongolia, 47 individual aged between 45 and 85 have died as a result of falls. Therefore, there is a pressing need to assess fall risks among the general population in Mongolia and identify risk factors to prevent accidents and injuries. Aim: To assess the risk of falls among individuals aged 45 years and older who are receiving care at tertiary-level referral hospitals in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 408 participants aged 45 years and above who were attending tertiary-level hospitals in Ulaanbaatar. Fall risk was assessed using the internationally recognized Falls Risk Assessment Tool (FRAT) questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0. Results: The mean age of the participants was 59.24±6.54 years; 40% were male and 60% were female. Among the participants, 45.3% (n=185) were categorized as low risk, 33.6% (n=137) as moderate risk, and 21.1% (n=86) as high risk for falls. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify significant risk factors associated with falls. Key factors included: slippery shoe soles (OR=0.226, 95% CI: 0.119–0.428, p=0.001), performing unexpected hazardous movements while changing positions (OR=0.262, 95% CI: 0.143–0.480, p=0.001), use of assistive walking devices (OR=0.209, 95% CI: 0.110–0.397, p=0.001), anxiety or unstable mental status (OR=0.276, 95% CI: 0.148–0.514, p=0.001), tendency to resist instructions or behave stubbornly (OR=0.330, 95% CI: 0.183–0.596, p=0.001), difficulty in recognizing the surrounding environment (OR=0.354, 95% CI: 0.187–0.671, p=0.001), and a history of previous falls (OR=4.737, 95% CI: 2.151–10.429). Conclusion 1. Based on the FRAT assesment, 45.3% of participants had low fall risk, 33.6% moderate risk, and 21.1% high risk. 2. Risk factors such as sudden movements, the use of assistive devices, and emotional instability significantly influence fall risk assessment, and individuals with a history of previous falls are 4.7 times more likely to experience another fall.

Background: In Mongolia, the prevalence of osteoporosis is showing an increasing trend, with Uvs province exhibiting particularly high rates. International studies have primarily focused on calcium intake in adolescents, women during and after menopause, while there is a pressing need for comprehensive baseline research that includes all age groups regard less of gender. Aim: To assess the knowledge and dietary calcium intake among residents aged 18 and above in Uvs province, and to investigate the correlation between calcium knowledge and intake. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 330 individuals aged 18 years and older who vis ited the Uvs Province General Hospital. The daily calcium intake was assessed using the Food Frequency Questionnaire developed by the International Osteoporosis Foundation. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 26. Results: A total of 330 participants were included, with a mean age of 44.39 ± 3.93 years. Among them, 33% (n=109) were male and 67% (n=221) were female. Regarding knowledge of calcium, 43% of respondents had low knowledge, 22% had moderate knowledge, and 35% had high knowledge. Concerning daily dietary calcium intake, 43% had a very low intake (<500 mg), 19% had inadequate intake (500–1000 mg), and 38% had adequate intake (>1000 mg). Statistically significant associations were found between calcium knowledge level and gender, education level, calcium supplements, and vitamin D usage (p=0.001). No statistically significant difference was observed between daily calcium intake and the level of knowledge regarding calcium (p = 0.131). Conclusion 1. Among the study participants, 43% had a low level of knowledge about calcium, 22% had a moderate level, and 35% had a high level. 2. Regarding daily dietary calcium intake, 43% of participants had a very low intake, 19% had an insufficient intake, and 38% had an adequate intake. 3. Factors such as gender, educational level, and the use of calcium supplements and vitamin D were found to influence the participants’ level of knowledge about calcium. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a broader evaluation of calcium intake among the general population, accurately determine calcium consumption, and develop health education programs and recommendations.

Background: The average age at menarche (AAM) among girls is influenced by various factors, including the socioeconomic status of the country, geographical location, and anthropometric characteristics. In Mongolia, limited research has been conducted on this topic Aim: This study aimed to compare the mean age at menarche among girls living in Bayanzürkh District of Ulaanbaatar and those in Uvs Province. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between April and June 2025. The study participants included schoolgirls aged 8 years and older from general education schools located in Bayanzürkh District and Uvs Province. Statistical analyses were performed using R version 4.5.1 (RStudio 2025.05.1-513) Results: A total of 486 girls participated in the study. The mean age at menarche among the participants was 12.23±1.29 years. The mean age at menarche among girls aged 8–18 years in Bayanzürkh District was 11.84±1.19 years, while that among girls aged 8–18 years in Uvs Province was 12.97±1.15 years. Thus, girls in Bayanzürkh District experienced menarche 1.13 years earlier on average than those in Uvs Province. The difference in mean AAM between urban (Ulaanbaatar) and rural (Uvs Province) girls was statistically significant (p<0.0001). Conclusion The mean age at menarche among girls residing in Bayanzürkh District was significantly lower than that of girls living in Uvs Province, indicating a tendency toward earlier onset of menarche in urban areas.

Background: Total knee replacement arthroplasty (TKA) is an essential surgical treatment method performed when the cartilage surfaces of the knee joint undergo irreversible changes due to aging, trauma, genetics, or lifestyle factors. In our country, approximately 2.500 knee replacement surgeries are performed annually. Aim: To investigate the Lysholm scores of patients who underwent total knee replacement arthroplasty and the factors influencing these scores. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted using a retrospective cohort study design. The research was carried out at the First Central Hospital of the country, involving 186 patients who visited the Department of Joint Center from January 2007 to May 2023. Participants provided demographic data, information on comorbidities, alcohol and tobacco use, physical activity, and lifestyle factors through a 56-question survey, divided into two groups. The stability and function of the knee joint were assessed using the Lysholm assessment. A score of 95-100 indicated excellent, 84-94 good, 65-83 moderate, and less than 65 poor. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using SPSS version 26.0. Results: Out of 185 participants, the mean age was 71.83±7.83 years, with 18.9% (n=35) males and 81.1% (n=150) females. The demographic factors such as gender, age group, BMI, and years after surgery were significantly associated with the Lysholm score (p=0.001). Logistic regression analysis identified that age (OR, 2.014; 95% CI, 1.620-1.659; p=0.001), excess weight (OR, 1.328; p=0.001; 95% CI, 0.469-3.765), and years after surgery (OR, 1.194; 95% CI, 0.533- 2.676; p=0.037) were factors influencing the scores Conclusion 037) were factors influencing the scores. Conclusion: The number of years after total knee replacement arthroplasty and patient age significantly affected Lysholm evaluation scores