This study focused, for the first time, on the effect of ultrasonic features on the extraction efficiency of secondary metabolites in mustard seed cake (MSC). The nematostatic potential of sonicated seed cake was examined against the second-stage juveniles (J2s) of root-knot nematode,

This isacritical review of thecurrent evidence on patients’ experiences with oral cancer. The impact on the quality of life and implications to clinical practice and research werealso discussed. A comprehensive search of three databases, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar was undertaken. The search was restricted to English-language primary research papers from 2009 till 2019. The following keywords were used: mouth neoplasms, patients, experiences, oral cancer, physical, social, psychological. A total of 173 studies were retrieved using the search strategy. After removing duplicate reports and scrutinising those based on title and abstract, 68 studies were shortlisted for full text review. Three major themes emerged from the literature: (1) physical experiences of oral cancer patients,(2) psychological experiences of oral cancer patients, and(3) social experiences of oral cancer patients. Experiences of oral cancer patientsarecomplex and subjective, and phases of physical, psychological, and social experiences of oral cancer have not been explored in detail. However, there is evidence that experiences such as pain, facial alterations, body image disturbances, anxiety, depression, social avoidance, social support,and financial implications affect patients’ quality of life. This review underlinesthe importance offurther research to look into the type of support needed to address various experiencesof oral cancer patients

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that can infect all mammals, serving as intermediate hosts. The cause of congenital toxoplasmosis is transplacental transmission of the parasite to the foetus, resulting in wide range of manifestations from mild chorioretinitis to miscarriage. Its frequency can be reduced by early screening of pregnant women which is based mainly on tests for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies. We collected serum samples of 594 pregnant women (subjects) after taking their consent over a period of two years (2016-2018) and analyzed them for anti-Toxoplasma IgG by ELISA. The positive samples were then analyzed for IgG avidity test which could differentiate between recent and past infections. The seroprevalence was also correlated with the age of the subjects and their contact with cats. 162 subjects were found positive out of which only three showed a recent infection. After following up until delivery, one of them delivered a baby who had jaundice and was diagnosed with anti-Toxoplasma IgM at birth. The foetus of the second subject died in-utero, while the third woman delivered a normal baby after being given spiramycin when diagnosed with toxoplasmosis in the first trimester. It was found that most of the positive subjects had frequent contact with cats. Invasion of the parasite during third trimester resulted in death in-utero and jaundice. Most common cause of pregnancy wastage during our study was spontaneous abortions while pregnancy loss due to congenital anomalies was rare.

OBJECTIVE: The study examines the effect of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume bark on crystallization of calcium oxalate. METHODS: The antilithiatic effect of various concentrations of the hydro-alcoholic extract of C. zeylanicum was investigated at various stages of stone formation, using Cystone as a standard reference drug. The effect on calcium oxalate crystallization was evaluated by measuring the change in turbidity over time, during crystal nucleation, growth and aggregation, in the metastable solution of calcium chloride and sodium oxalate. The slope from the change in turbidity over time was measured using a spectrophotometer at 620 and 214 nm in respective tests. The inhibition rate was estimated by comparing turbidity in the presence and absence of extract. Crystals formed under experimental conditions were observed under a light microscope, and number and shape of the crystals were assessed in a randomly selected field. Phytochemical analysis and high-performance thin-layer chromatography of the extract was also carried out. RESULTS: C. zeylanicum significantly reduced crystal nucleation at concentrations of 4, 8 and 10 mg/mL (P < 0.001). The inhibition percentage of crystal growth was between 28.30% and 92.46% in the presence of C. zeylanicum extract and from 20.76% to 64.15% with various concentrations of Cystone. The maximum inhibition of crystal growth was obtained from C. zeylanicum at 2 mg/mL (92.46%). Microscopic examination revealed a reduction in the number and size of crystals. In the aggregation assay, the inhibition percentage of C. zeylanicum was between 16.27% and 100%, while Cystone was from -214.68% to 100% at different concentrations. The highest (100%) inhibition of aggregation was found at 4 mg/mL of both the test and standard drugs. CONCLUSION We found that C. zeylanicum hydro-alcoholic extract has notable inhibitory effects on various stages of crystallization, in terms of turbidity of solution, as well as the crystal size, number and morphology.

Objective: To analyse the efficacy of diethylcarbamazine (DEC), tetramisole and chlorpromazine on the longevity and activity of glucose-6-phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase in the microfilariae recovered from the peripheral circulation of the rats before and after the treatment. Methods: Setaria cervi worms were implanted in white rats via laparotomy and microfilaraemic rats were divided into 4 groups. Groups 1, 2 and 3 were treated with DEC, tetramisole and chlorpromazine respectively, while Group 4 served as infected control. Longevity of microfilariae and differential leucocyte counts were recorded till the disappearance of microfilariae from peripheral blood. Glucose-6-phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase enzymes were localized in the microfilariae recovered from normal and treated rats. Results: The microfilariae survived for 48 days in untreated rats while survival was reduced to 15, 21 and 27 days after treatment with DEC, tetramisole and chlorpromazine, respectively. Eosinophils and neutrophils increased during 2nd and 3rd weeks, whereas the lymphocytes increased during 4-7 weeks. DEC treatment resulted in slight decrease in the localization of succinate dehydrogenase but not in glucose-6-phosphatase. Tetramisole and chlorpromazine treatment did not show any appreciable change in the localization of both the above enzymes. Conclusions: DEC proved the most effective drug which cleared the microfilaraemia within 15 days and reduced the activity of succinate dehydrogenase to some extent followed by tetramisole and chlorpromazine which took more time for the clearance of microfilariae and had no effect on the localization of both glucose-6-phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase.

Malaria is one of the most widespread infectious diseases of tropical countries with an estimated 207 million cases globally. In India, there are endemic pockets of this disease, including Aligarh. Hundreds of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax cases with severe pathological conditions are recorded every year in this district. The aim of this study is to find out changes in liver enzymes and kidney markers. Specific diagnosis for P. falciparum and P. vivax was made by microscopic examination of Giemsa stained slides. Clinical symptoms were observed in both of these infections. Liver enzymes, such as AST, ALT, and ALP, and kidney function markers, such as creatinine and urea, were estimated by standard biochemical techniques. In Aligarh district, P. vivax, P. falciparum, and mixed infections were 64%, 34%, and 2%, respectively. In case of P. falciparum infection, the incidences of anemia, splenomegaly, renal failure, jaundice, and neurological sequelae were higher compared to those in P. vivax infection. Recrudescence and relapse rates were 18% and 20% in P. falciparum and P. vivax infections, respectively. Liver dysfunctions and renal failures were more common in P. falciparum patients, particularly in elderly patients. Artesunate derivatives must, therefore, be introduced for the treatment of P. falciparum as they resist to chloroquine as well as sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combinations.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Clinical Laboratory Techniques ; Female ; Humans ; India/epidemiology ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Kidney/physiopathology ; Kidney Diseases/epidemiology/etiology ; Kidney Function Tests ; Liver/physiopathology ; Liver Diseases/epidemiology/etiology ; Liver Function Tests ; Malaria, Falciparum/complications/*epidemiology/*pathology ; Malaria, Vivax/complications/*epidemiology/*pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Recurrence ; Young Adult

Whenever endodontic therapy is performed on mandibular posterior teeth, damage to the inferior alveolar nerve or any of its branches is possible. Acute periapical infection in mandibular posterior teeth may also sometimes disturb the normal functioning of the inferior alveolar nerve. The most common clinical manifestation of these insults is the paresthesia of the inferior alveolar nerve or mental nerve paresthesia. Paresthesia usually manifests as burning, prickling, tingling, numbness, itching or any deviation from normal sensation. Altered sensation and pain in the involved areas may interfere with speaking, eating, drinking, shaving, tooth brushing and other events of social interaction which will have a disturbing impact on the patient. Paresthesia can be short term, long term or even permanent. The duration of the paresthesia depends upon the extent of the nerve damage or persistence of the etiology. Permanent paresthesia is the result of nerve trunk laceration or actual total nerve damage. Paresthesia must be treated as soon as diagnosed to have better treatment outcomes. The present paper describes a case of mental nerve paresthesia arising after the start of the endodontic therapy in left mandibular first molar which was managed successfully by conservative treatment.
Burns ; Drinking ; Eating ; Humans ; Hypesthesia ; Interpersonal Relations ; Lacerations ; Mandibular Nerve ; Molar ; Paresthesia* ; Pruritus ; Sensation ; Tooth

OBJECTIVETo investigate the antibacterial potential of the polar and non-polar extracts of the seeds of Melia azedarach (M. azedarach) L. (Meliaceae) against eighteen hospital isolated human pathogenic bacterial strains.

METHODSPetrol, benzene, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous extracts at five different concentrations (1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 mg/mL) were evaluated. Disk diffusion method was followed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy.

RESULTSAll extracts of the seeds demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against tested pathogens. Among all extracts, ethyl acetate extract revealed the highest inhibition comparatively. The present study also favored the traditional uses reported earlier.

CONCLUSIONSResults of this study strongly confirm that the seed extracts of M. azedarach could be effective antibiotics, both in controlling gram-positive and gram-negative human pathogenic infections.

Anti-Bacterial Agents ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Bacteria ; drug effects ; isolation & purification ; Bacterial Infections ; microbiology ; Cross Infection ; microbiology ; Humans ; Melia azedarach ; chemistry ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Plant Extracts ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Seeds ; chemistry