Objectives: This study aimed to examine the temporal dynamics of dengue cases in Malaysia from 2022 to 2024 using seasonal-trend decomposition and time-series modeling. Methods: Weekly dengue case counts from the national registry were analyzed across all states using seasonal-trend decomposition using LOESS (STL) to separate trend, seasonal, and irregular components. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and seasonal ARIMA(SARIMA) models were fitted to validate temporal structures, with model selection based onthe Akaike information criterion (AIC), corrected AIC, and Bayesian information criterion.Diagnostic checks, including residual analysis and Ljung-Box testing, were performed to ensure model adequacy. Results: Dengue incidence showed marked heterogeneity across states. STL decompositionindicated that long-term trends contributed more strongly to case dynamics than seasonality in most states, although seasonal influences were significant in the states of Kedah and Kelantan. Seasonal peak timing varied between states, highlighting differences in epidemic cycles. ARIMA and SARIMA modeling confirmed that no single temporal structure could adequately represent all states; while some series were well fitted by simple ARIMA models,others required seasonal adjustments. Residual diagnostics demonstrated that the selected models were statistically adequate. Conclusion Dengue dynamics in Malaysia are shaped by both trend and seasonal components, with considerable variation across states. Combining STL decomposition with ARIMA/SARIMA modeling strengthens the evidence base for state-specific forecasting and proactive vectorcontrol. Tailoring surveillance systems and interventions to local temporal patterns may improve early warning capacity and optimize resource allocation for dengue prevention.

This study investigates indoor environmental factors in several offices from one of the university at Malaysia's East Coast, focusing on enhancing occupational health and well-being among university staff by examining lighting quality and thermal comfort. Monitoring sampling were done based on hazard reports logged and data from three main offices or location were collected in this study. Utilizing Extech HD450 Heavy Duty Data Logging Light Meter to measure illuminance, the study found that most sampled points fell below the Occupational Safety and Health Guidelines' recommended range of 300-500 lux, indicating insufficient lighting that can cause visual discomfort and reduce productivity. Thermal comfort assessments, conducted with EVM-7 Indoor Air Quality 3M QUEST and AirPro Solution Models AP500, revealed acceptable temperature and humidity levels but often inadequate air velocity, particularly in the Science Officer's Office, leading to poor air circulation and potential health issues. The study highlights the necessity of improving lighting solutions by installing additional fixtures or upgrading existing ones for sufficient and evenly distributed illumination and enhancing ventilation systems to ensure adequate air movement. Addressing these deficiencies is crucial for creating a conducive working environment, promoting employee satisfaction and productivity. This research focuses solely on monitoring and analyzing the collected data. No qualitative evaluation has been conducted as part of this study. This research advocates for a holistic approach to Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ), involving regular assessment and targeted interventions to enhance the overall quality of university office environments, ultimately fostering a healthier and more productive workplace.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of sweet potato leaf extract on production per-formance,systematic and mammary gland oxidative stress status and rumen microbiota of dairy goats fed high concentrate diets.Twenty Guanzhong dairy goats with same parity,similar lactation period(120±15)d and healthy body condition were selected and randomly divided into four groups:low-concentrate(LC),low-concentrate supplemented with 1％sweet potato leaf extract(LCS),high-concentrate(HC)and high-concentrate supplemented with 1％sweet potato leaf ex-tract(HCS).The experimental period was 35 days.The results showed that in the third week,milk yield in the HCS group was significantly higher than that in the LC and LCS groups(P＜0.05).The content of lipopolysaccharide in the rumen fluid of the HC group was significantly higher than that of the other three groups(P＜0.05),the content of malondialdehyde in the serum of the HC group was significantly higher than that of the LCS group(P＜0.05),the content of reactive oxygen species,protein carbonyl,8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in the milk of the HC group was sig-nificantly higher than that of the LC and LCS groups(P＜0.05),GSH-Px in HCS group was sig-nificantly higher than that in the other three groups(P＜0.05).After the addition of sweet potato leaf extract,there was an increasing trend in the content of Anabaena phylum at the phylum level.In the joint analysis of genera,rumen fluid LPS showed highly significant negative correlation with Succiniclasticum(P＜0.01)and negative correlation with Prevotella(P＜0.05).Valeric acid was negatively correlated with Prevotella(P＜0.05).The pH value was negatively correlated with Treponema(P＜0.05).Butyric acid was positively correlated with Anaeroplasma(P＜0.05).In conclusion,the addition of sweet potato leaf extract to the diet can increase milk production and al-leviate the state of mammary gland oxidative stress,as well as improving rumen microbial diversi-ty of dairy goats.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of sweet potato leaf extract on production per-formance,systematic and mammary gland oxidative stress status and rumen microbiota of dairy goats fed high concentrate diets.Twenty Guanzhong dairy goats with same parity,similar lactation period(120±15)d and healthy body condition were selected and randomly divided into four groups:low-concentrate(LC),low-concentrate supplemented with 1％sweet potato leaf extract(LCS),high-concentrate(HC)and high-concentrate supplemented with 1％sweet potato leaf ex-tract(HCS).The experimental period was 35 days.The results showed that in the third week,milk yield in the HCS group was significantly higher than that in the LC and LCS groups(P＜0.05).The content of lipopolysaccharide in the rumen fluid of the HC group was significantly higher than that of the other three groups(P＜0.05),the content of malondialdehyde in the serum of the HC group was significantly higher than that of the LCS group(P＜0.05),the content of reactive oxygen species,protein carbonyl,8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in the milk of the HC group was sig-nificantly higher than that of the LC and LCS groups(P＜0.05),GSH-Px in HCS group was sig-nificantly higher than that in the other three groups(P＜0.05).After the addition of sweet potato leaf extract,there was an increasing trend in the content of Anabaena phylum at the phylum level.In the joint analysis of genera,rumen fluid LPS showed highly significant negative correlation with Succiniclasticum(P＜0.01)and negative correlation with Prevotella(P＜0.05).Valeric acid was negatively correlated with Prevotella(P＜0.05).The pH value was negatively correlated with Treponema(P＜0.05).Butyric acid was positively correlated with Anaeroplasma(P＜0.05).In conclusion,the addition of sweet potato leaf extract to the diet can increase milk production and al-leviate the state of mammary gland oxidative stress,as well as improving rumen microbial diversi-ty of dairy goats.

Air pollution is a significant global challenge that affects many cities. In Europe, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) are among the most highly polluted and are mainly affected by air pollution. In this study, we integrate open-source landsat 8 remote sensing products, topographical data, and the limited ground truth PM2.5 data to spatially predict the air quality level across different seasons in Tuzla Canton, BiH by adopting three pre-existing machine learning models, namely XGBoost, K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) and Naive Bayes (NB). These classification models were implemented based on landsat 8 bands, environmental-derived indices, and topographical variables generated for the study area. Based on the predicted results, the XGBoost model exhibited the highest overall accuracy across all seasons. The predicted model results were used to generate spatial air quality maps. Based on the classification maps, the PM2.5 air quality level predicted for Tuzla Canton in the Winter Season is very unhealthy. The findings conclude that the PM2.5 air quality concentration in Tuzla Canton is relatively unsatisfactory and requires urgent intervention by the government to prevent further deterioration of air quality in Tuzla and other affected cantons in BiH.

Background: Mercury chloride (HgCl2 ) damages tissues it comes in contact with in sufficient concentration. This study evaluated the protective effects of n-butanol fraction of Results: The results revealed that HgCl2 induced oxidative stress in the rats evident by histoarchitectural distortions and altered levels of liver enzymes, proteins, and oxidative stress biomarkers when compared to the control. However, BFPD treatment restored these changes. Glutathione peroxidase levels decreased (p < 0.05) in the HgCl2− treated group when compared to the control and BFPD-treated groups. HgCl2 group revealed reduced reactivity with histochemical and immunohistochemical stains (Masson’s Trichrome and B cell Lymphoma 2) when compared to the control, with a significant decrease in quantified liver Bcl-2 stain intensity when compared to the silymarin-treated group. BFPD administration revealed normal staining intensity comparable to the control. HgCl2 administration revealed a remarked decrease in the number of hepatocytes when compared to the control, BFPD, and silymarin groups. BFPD preserved (p < 0.05) the stereological features when compared to the HgCl2 -treated group. GPx activity in the liver decreased (p < 0.05) with HgCl2 administration when compared to the control and silymarin-treated groups. BFPD attenuated GPx gene activity to levels similar to the control indicating some level of amelioration against HgCl2 -induced toxicity. Conclusions The ability of BFPD to mitigate HgCl2 triggered liver alterations could be attributed to the antioxidant property of its flavonoid content. Therefore, BFPD may be a potential candidate for treating and managing liverinduced mercury intoxication.

Stroke is the most significant cause of disability worldwide. Despite mounting data supporting memory deficit after stroke, dysfunction and treatment effect mechanisms remain unknown. Phenolics can be found in a variety of fruits and vegetables. There is, however, a scarcity of research on the therapeutic potential of the phenolics fraction of Tetrapleura tetraptera (PTT) fruit against ischemic stroke-induced abnormalities in hippocampal tissue. The rats were divided into five groups: Group I, vehicle; group II, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)+vehicle; group III, I/R+50 mg/kg minocycline (MNC); group IV, I/R+100 mg/kg PTT; and group V, I/R+200 mg/kg PTT. Ischemia was induced via bilateral common carotid artery occlusion for 30 minutes followed by reperfusion. PTT and MNC were intraorally administered daily for 7 days. Neurodegenerative changes, cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) and cornu ammonis 3 (CA3) pyramidal cell count, levels of oxidative stress indicators, and memory functions were assessed. Rats treated with PTT, as well as MNC compared to untreated I/R rats, showed a substantial (P<0.05) rise in catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione levels, as well as decreased lipid peroxidation and improved memory. I/R resulted in histoarchitectural distortions, a marked decrease (P<0.05) in the intensity of the Nissl substance, and a striking decrease (P<0.05) in the number of pyramidal cells in the CA1 and CA3. PTT and MNC-treated groups showed significant attenuation in all the above parameters. Taking together, these findings revealed that PTT attenuated oxidative stress, histologic alterations and substantially restored memory impairment in the I/R rat model.

Stroke is the most significant cause of disability worldwide. Despite mounting data supporting memory deficit after stroke, dysfunction and treatment effect mechanisms remain unknown. Phenolics can be found in a variety of fruits and vegetables. There is, however, a scarcity of research on the therapeutic potential of the phenolics fraction of Tetrapleura tetraptera (PTT) fruit against ischemic stroke-induced abnormalities in hippocampal tissue. The rats were divided into five groups: Group I, vehicle; group II, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)+vehicle; group III, I/R+50 mg/kg minocycline (MNC); group IV, I/R+100 mg/kg PTT; and group V, I/R+200 mg/kg PTT. Ischemia was induced via bilateral common carotid artery occlusion for 30 minutes followed by reperfusion. PTT and MNC were intraorally administered daily for 7 days. Neurodegenerative changes, cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) and cornu ammonis 3 (CA3) pyramidal cell count, levels of oxidative stress indicators, and memory functions were assessed. Rats treated with PTT, as well as MNC compared to untreated I/R rats, showed a substantial (P<0.05) rise in catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione levels, as well as decreased lipid peroxidation and improved memory. I/R resulted in histoarchitectural distortions, a marked decrease (P<0.05) in the intensity of the Nissl substance, and a striking decrease (P<0.05) in the number of pyramidal cells in the CA1 and CA3. PTT and MNC-treated groups showed significant attenuation in all the above parameters. Taking together, these findings revealed that PTT attenuated oxidative stress, histologic alterations and substantially restored memory impairment in the I/R rat model.

Stroke is the most significant cause of disability worldwide. Despite mounting data supporting memory deficit after stroke, dysfunction and treatment effect mechanisms remain unknown. Phenolics can be found in a variety of fruits and vegetables. There is, however, a scarcity of research on the therapeutic potential of the phenolics fraction of Tetrapleura tetraptera (PTT) fruit against ischemic stroke-induced abnormalities in hippocampal tissue. The rats were divided into five groups: Group I, vehicle; group II, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)+vehicle; group III, I/R+50 mg/kg minocycline (MNC); group IV, I/R+100 mg/kg PTT; and group V, I/R+200 mg/kg PTT. Ischemia was induced via bilateral common carotid artery occlusion for 30 minutes followed by reperfusion. PTT and MNC were intraorally administered daily for 7 days. Neurodegenerative changes, cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) and cornu ammonis 3 (CA3) pyramidal cell count, levels of oxidative stress indicators, and memory functions were assessed. Rats treated with PTT, as well as MNC compared to untreated I/R rats, showed a substantial (P<0.05) rise in catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione levels, as well as decreased lipid peroxidation and improved memory. I/R resulted in histoarchitectural distortions, a marked decrease (P<0.05) in the intensity of the Nissl substance, and a striking decrease (P<0.05) in the number of pyramidal cells in the CA1 and CA3. PTT and MNC-treated groups showed significant attenuation in all the above parameters. Taking together, these findings revealed that PTT attenuated oxidative stress, histologic alterations and substantially restored memory impairment in the I/R rat model.

Stroke is the most significant cause of disability worldwide. Despite mounting data supporting memory deficit after stroke, dysfunction and treatment effect mechanisms remain unknown. Phenolics can be found in a variety of fruits and vegetables. There is, however, a scarcity of research on the therapeutic potential of the phenolics fraction of Tetrapleura tetraptera (PTT) fruit against ischemic stroke-induced abnormalities in hippocampal tissue. The rats were divided into five groups: Group I, vehicle; group II, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)+vehicle; group III, I/R+50 mg/kg minocycline (MNC); group IV, I/R+100 mg/kg PTT; and group V, I/R+200 mg/kg PTT. Ischemia was induced via bilateral common carotid artery occlusion for 30 minutes followed by reperfusion. PTT and MNC were intraorally administered daily for 7 days. Neurodegenerative changes, cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) and cornu ammonis 3 (CA3) pyramidal cell count, levels of oxidative stress indicators, and memory functions were assessed. Rats treated with PTT, as well as MNC compared to untreated I/R rats, showed a substantial (P<0.05) rise in catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione levels, as well as decreased lipid peroxidation and improved memory. I/R resulted in histoarchitectural distortions, a marked decrease (P<0.05) in the intensity of the Nissl substance, and a striking decrease (P<0.05) in the number of pyramidal cells in the CA1 and CA3. PTT and MNC-treated groups showed significant attenuation in all the above parameters. Taking together, these findings revealed that PTT attenuated oxidative stress, histologic alterations and substantially restored memory impairment in the I/R rat model.