Background: Due to Mongolia’s harsh climate and seasonal limitations in fresh food supply, fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants are often consumed in preserved forms. However, the preservation methods and storage conditions may significantly alter their antioxidant activity, which is crucial for mitigating oxidative stress and preventing chronic diseases. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of 19 commonly consumed vegetables, berries, and dried medicinal plants under different storage conditions including fresh, cold storage (cellar), and frozen (-20°C). Methods: Samples were extracted in 80% methanol and tested using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Absorbance was measured at 517 nm using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. IC⁻⁻ values were calculated to compare antioxidant potency. Statistical differences were assessed using paired and unpaired t-tests with SPSS v27 (p<0.05) Results: Cold storage significantly reduced antioxidant activity in root vegetables, with IC⁻⁻ values increasing by 2.4 to 13.5 times (p<0.01), indicating diminished radical scavenging potencial. In contrast, frozen samples showed minimal change (p>0.05). Dried medicinal plants such as Rosa canina and Thymus serpyllum maintained strong activity, with IC⁻⁻<50 μg/mL. Conclusion Cellar storage leads to a notable decline in antioxidant capacity of common vegetables, while freezing is a more effective method for preservation. Dried medicinal herbs remain potent sources of antioxidants and may be recommended for year-round use in Mongolian diets.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted global mental health, exacerbating anxiety, depression, and insomnia, with prevalence rates of 25–30%, 27–32%, and 30–45%, respectively—2–3 times higher than pre-pandemic levels. Neuroticism, a key personality trait from the Big Five model, characterized by heightened negative emotions and stress reactivity, has been linked to increased vulnerability. Meta-analyses show neuroticism triples anxiety risk (OR=3.21; 95% CI: 2.35–4.39) and correlates strongly with insomnia (r=0.46, p<0.001) and depression during the pandemic. In Mongolia, empirical data on neuroticism's role remains limited. Objective: This study examines whether neuroticism acts as a risk factor for anxiety, depression, and insomnia among hospitalized patients during COVID-19. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study enrolled 552 patients (72.3% COVID-19 cases, 27.7% controls) from tertiary hospitals in Mongolia (2024). Participants (mean age 52.8±15.5 years; 60.5% female) completed self-reported questionnaires: Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) for neuroticism, PHQ-9 for depression, GAD 7 for anxiety, ISI for insomnia, and PCL 5 for PTSD. Sociodemographics were assessed. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 with chi-square tests (p<0.05 significance). Instruments showed high reliability (Cronbach’s α=0.81–0.89). Ethical approval was obtained from MNUMS Ethics Committee (No. 2024-Psy-17). Results: Overall, 79.5% were depression free, 84.8% anxiety-free, and 77.5% insomnia-free. High neuroticism (n=381) was significantly associated with depression (24.4% vs. 11.7%, p<0.001), anxiety (18.6% vs. 7.6%, p<0.001), insomnia (28.3% vs. 9.4%, p<0.001), and any mental disorder (21.3% vs. 7%, p<0.001), but not PTSD (p=0.472). Cholerics (n=200) showed elevated risks (depression 29.5%, insomnia 34.5%, p<0.001), while sanguines/phlegmatics were protective. Verbal expression and trust levels showed no significant associations. Conclusion Neuroticism significantly heightens risks for anxiety, depression, and insomnia during COVID-19, underscoring the need for targeted psychological interventions. Temperament-informed screening could enhance prevention strategies in crisis settings.

BACKGROUND: According to International osteoporosis foundation report, osteoporosis is a multifactorial condition associated with an increased risk of fracture and is caused by social, behavioral and physiological factors. Overall incidence is increasing in every country due to people’s life style changes, diet and increased life expectancy. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the some hormonal effects in bone mineral density among Mongolian population. METHODS: Bone density was measured in the distal one third of radius using the Sunlight Omnisense (Sunlight Medical, Rehovot, Israel) and classified into 3 groups according to WHO osteoporosis criteria. Normal participants were selected into control group and osteoporotic participants were selected into control group. We have evaluated PTH, calcitonin, 25-hydroxy vitamin D in case-control group. RESULT: The prevalence of osteoporosis was 25.7% and 25.3% of participants were osteopenic. It was clear that PTH elevated group (>30.3pg/ml) had more risk of osteoporosis. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of osteoporosis was 25.7% and 25.3% of participants were osteopenic. PTH elevation is risk factor in men.

Complete seizure control is the single most important determinant of good quality of life for patients with epilepsy and the chronic nature of the disorder requires that antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) be administered for many years, often for a lifetime. Therefore, long-term experience is of particular importance in evaluating the efficacy and safety of an AED. Valproic acid increases γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis and release and potentiates GABAergic transmission in specific brain regions and it also has also been found to reduce the release of the excitatory amino acid β-hydroxybutyric acid and to attenuate neuronal excitation mediated by activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors. In addition to these effects, valproic acid exerts direct actions on excitable membranes, including blockade of voltage-dependent sodium channels. Valproate is generally regarded as a first-choice agent for most forms of idiopathic and symptomatic generalised epilepsies. Many of these syndromes are associated with multiple seizure types, including tonic-clonic, myoclonic and absence seizures, and prescription of a broad-spectrum drug such as valproate has clear advantages in this situation. The elimination half-life is in the order of 9 to 18 hours, but shorter values (5 to 12 hours) are observed in patients comedicated with enzymeinducing agents such as phenytoin, carbamazepine and barbiturates. The most commonly reported adverse effects of valproate include gastrointestinal disturbances, tremor and bodyweight gain. Other notable adverse effects include encephalopathy symptoms (at times associated with hyperammonaemia), platelet disorders, pancreatitis, liver toxicity and teratogenicity. According to the some study results, endocrine manifestations of reproductive system disorders, including polycystic ovary syndrome, may be more common in women treated with valproate than in those treated with other AEDs.

Abstract The aim of this study is to compare the effects of traditional and conventional treatment of chronic pyelonephritis. Total of 100 patients diagnosed with chronic pyelonephritis were enrolled in the study. Traditional medicines included following: Sugmel-10, Sarichun, Yuna-4, Sema-3, and Sojid-11. Conventional medicines included following: ciprofloxacin, cefasolin, and negram. After 10-14 days of treatment questionnaire, physical examinations, and laboratory tests were performed. In 90% of patient treated with traditional medicines, changes of smell and color of urine was disappeared. Back pain and dysuria was reduced in 89.7% and 75% of patients respectively. While in control or conventional treatment group, changes of smell and color of urine was completely disappeared and back pain and dysuria was reduced in 80% and 88% of patients respectively. Pasternatskii’s symptom and arterial hypertension was reduced in about 58% and 77% of patients respectively. Bacterial growth (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) was ceased in 39.4% and reduced in 46.4% of patients treated with traditional medicines. It was ceased in 60% and reduced in 30% of control patients.Traditional medicines reduced signs and symptoms of chronic pyelonephritis. Bacterial growth was ceased or reduced by traditional treatment. Traditional medicines are effective as conventional medicines for treatment of chronic pyelonephritis.

Background: Natural protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is based on cell-mediated immunity, which most importantly involves CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets. Therefore, the evaluation of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell profi les are important to evaluate cell-mediated immunity. Immuno-regulating therapy is important in increase of T cell subsets. Objective: To determine some T-cell subsets in active pulmonary tuberculosis patients following immunoregulating treatment in intensive phase of antituberculosis treatment, so to evaluate the treatment effect. Method: This study was conducted in TB clinic of National Center for Communicable Diseases (NCCD) between Aug 2008 and Mar 2009. CD4+ and CD8+-T cells were evaluated in 50 active pulmonary tuberculosis (infi ltrative form) cases before antituberculosis treatment (25 cases with Salimon-Study group, 25 cases without SalimonControl group) Patients with chronic disease, pregnant and alcohol users are excluded. The T cell subsets count was performed by FACSCount fl ow cytometer at the Immunology Laboratory of the NCCD,Mongolia.The monoclonal antibodies to CD3, CD4 and CD8 (Becton Dickinson) were used for the analysis. Result: CD4 count was 605,1242,7 cells/microL, CD8 count-470,92235,7 cells/microL, CD3 count-1130,7425,6 cells/microL, CD4/CD8 ratio was-1,480,67. CD4, CD8, CD3 cells were signifi cantly lower (P=0.05) in active pulmonary TB patients than in healthy Mongolian. And these subsets were signifi cantly lower in older patients (>50 age).There was no statistical signifi cance in sex and other age groups (p>0, 05). There were statistical signifi cances such as CD4 count, CD4/CD8 ratio (CD4-733,95314,38 cells/micro, CD4/CD8 ratio-1.870,7 in treatment group, CD4-570,54213.07 cells/micro, CD4/CD8 ratio-1.260.45 in control group) between TB and control group at the end of intensive phase of antituberculosis treatment (=0,05, =0,001). However, there were not any signifi cance CD8 count and CD3 count between two groups (CD8-423,68174,28 cells/microL, CD3-1212,27453,98 cells/microL in treatment group, CD8-500,67203,74cells/microL, CD3 -1139,33 386,47 cells/ microL in control group) (=0,05). Conclusion: 1. T cell subsets were signifi cantly lower in active,new,smear positive, pulmonary TB patients than in healthy Mongolians (p=0.05). 2. The statistical signifi cance is observed in 50 years and older TB patients (p=0.05). 3. CD4, CD4/CD8 were signifi cantly higher in patients treated with immuno-regulating treatment than in patients of control group (=0,05, =0,001).