Background: A child’s physical growth is fundamentally dependent on hormonal regulation, metabolism, and oxygen supply, within which bone mineralization specifically calcium (Ca²⁺) levels acts as a primary factor determining bone mineral density (BMD), muscle function, and hormonal activity. In cardiovascular disease (CVD), multiple physiological processes are disrupted at various levels, including decreased blood circulation and oxygen supply, increased energy expenditure, and reduced absorption of nutrients and micronutrients. In this context, research linking calcium levels in 6–7-year-old children with electrocardiographic (ECG) changes to physical growth has been scarce, which provided the rationale for conducting this study. Aim: To investigate the association between calcium levels and physical growth among 6–7-year-old children with electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities detected through early screening. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted using a case-control design. The case group included 143 children aged 6–7 with ECG changes, and the control group included 153 children without ECG changes, totaling 296 voluntary participants. Serum total calcium and albumin levels in both groups were measured using a fully automated biochemical analyzer. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSSv27, applying independent samples t-tests, ANOVA, and correlation analysis to compare means between the two groups. Results: The control group’s serum total calcium was 2.65±0.15 mmol/L, corrected calcium was 2.58±0.13 mmol/L, and the case group’s serum total calcium was 2.64±0.18 mmol/L, corrected calcium was 2.59±0.17 mmol/L, with no statistically significant difference observed between the study groups (p>0.05). When comparing total calcium in case-group children with normal height (2.66±0.20) versus those with stunted growth (2.61±0.13), a statistically significant difference was found (p<0.05). Correlation analysis between total and corrected calcium levels and physical growth indicators across study groups showed no statistically significant association. When height measurements were divided into four quartiles (Q1–Q4) and compared against total and corrected serum calcium, no statistically significant differences were found between the groups. Conclusions Comparison of physical growth and development Z-scores between children with and without ECG abnormalities revealed no statistically significant differences. However, total calcium levels tended to be lower among children with normal growth compared with those with growth retardation in the case group (p < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were observed in serum total or albumin-corrected calcium levels between the study groups (p > 0.05). When height measurements in the study groups were categorized into quartiles, no statistically significant differences in total or albumin-corrected calcium levels were observed between the groups. This suggests that calcium levels alone may not be a decisive determinant of physical growth in children of the same age.

In December 2019, a group of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome were diagnosed in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The virus that causes the disease is called SARS-CoV-2, and COVID-19 is spreading rapidly from Asia to Europe and around the world. New epidemics, such as the new coronavirus, acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), and H1N1 influenza A, have been a warning to global health organizations. However, none of these pathogens have had such a catastrophic impact worldwide as the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. RNA viruses known to possess very high mutation rate, which is associated with increased virulence and variability. This feature can also be seen in COVID-19, which has over 50 million cases with a mortality rate of 2.5% in 217 countries. The clinical spectrum of COVID-19 ranges from asymptomatic carriage, mild upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), severe viral pneumonia to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and death. Research has led to identification of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 as the cell-entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. However, despite these findings, systematic studies of viral dynamics and the immune response of infected individuals have not been fully established.
Coronavirus vaccines are being developed around the world and are expected to produced in 2021, according to Australian researchers. However, there is a urgent need for evidence-based treatment against SARS-CoV-2.
This article summarizes the many studies that have been conducted on the effects of vitamins and minerals in the treatment of coronavirus infections.

Air pollution, including particulate matter and gases has been associated with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, particularly in urban areas. More than 80% of world population lives in environment those exceed the air quality guideline established by World Health Organization. Air pollution is a very complex mixture and its potential to cause harm can depend on multiple factors including physical and chemical characteristic of pollutants. It has been hypothesized that the intake of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory nutrients may improve various respiratory and cardiovascular effects of air pollution through reductions in oxidative stress and inflammation. Several studies have suggested that essential micronutrients including B vitamins and Vitamin C, E and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids has potentials to modify oxidative and inflammatory stress. Here, we review literature related to air pollution and its health impact and how essential micronutrients can worsen its negative effect.

As the proportion of aged population has been increasing worldwide by the rapid development of socio-economy, health science, and educational level that affect the policy against health service and social welfare, one of the urgent issues of Mongolian society and medical science facing is to develop healthy aging process and prevention of pathological aging. As we know, healthy aging process depends upon several factors such as heritage, biological and physiological internal factors, living condition, climate, geography, socio-economy, nutrition, drinking water, lifestyle etc,. Thus, the development of healthy aging and its influential factors is an immediate issue of Mongolian medicine and society.A cross-sectional regression analysis has been used to measure socioeconomic and physiological factors for longevity. Total of 1897 participants aged less than 80 are randomly collected from Ulaanbaatar city and Mongolian 4 regions.Total of 1897 participants, less than 80 years old are involved in this study. People in an urban area are higher than those in countryside. About housing condition, 63.5% of total participants are in apartment at UB and 37.8% is in House and 44.3% in Mongolian Ger. Estimating participant’s income, 25% of relatively healthy population is below than the minimum of subsistence. However 50% of elderly people aged between 75-80 is below than minimum of subsistence. Comparing income level by age and gender income is decreased while age is increased, males are relatively higher than females. Middle income people are by 20.9%, high income people are by 57.7% less the risky than low income people. Unhealthy status is increased by 1.0% while a year of smoking, LDL by 96.5%, HDL by 94.7%, Triglycerid by 71.2%, CAVI by 91% increase risks respectively.Below indicators are more influential for the healthy aging of Mongolian elderly people as follows, education level (ρ-0.001), household income (OR=0.423, ρ<0.0001), living conditions (OR=0.326, ρ<0.05), LDL (OR=0.035, ρ<0.0001), HDL (OR=0.053, ρ<0.0001), glucose (OR=0.014, ρ<0.0001), CAVI (OR=0.090, ρ<0.0001). Higher density of healthy aged populations is found in the central region of Mongolia where altitude is 1000-1500 meters above than sea level (MASL) and temperature is between 0-6 Celsius.