Background: Musculoskeletal disorders account for 23.1-47.1% of occupational diseases in several countries. Studies have shown that operators of heavy machinery, including tractors and dump trucks, are twice as likely to experience lower back pain compared to workers not exposed to whole-body vibration. Furthermore, research has indicated that acute exposure to vibration can cause vasoconstriction and vascular inflammation. However, limited research has explored the relationship between lower back pain and specific biomarkers, highlighting the need for this study. Aim: This study aimed to compare lower back pain prevalence and muscle inflammation biomarkers among heavy machinery operators. Materials and Methods: A purposive sampling method was used to recruit 15 male participants aged 25-35 years who had worked as heavy machinery drivers for no more than three years. Inclusion criteria were: no alcohol consumption within 24 hours prior to sampling, body mass index (BMI) between 18.5-28.9 kg/m², no prior diagnosis of musculoskeletal disorders, and absence of infectious or non-infectious diseases during the study period. Blood samples were analyzed for Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The mean BMI of participants was 25.89±3.23 kg/m². Over half (53.3%, n=8) exceeded the exposure limit for whole-body vibration. Low back pain was reported by 13 participants (86.7%) over the past six months and by 12 participants (80%) over the past seven days. TNF-α levels did not differ significantly between groups based on low back pain status or vibration exposure. However, IL-6 levels showed a significant increase 24 hours after whole-body vibration exposure (p=0.027). Conclusion Lower back pain was highly prevalent among participants exposed to whole-body vibration. Furthermore, IL-6 levels were elevated among participants reporting lower back pain, regardless of vibration exposure levels.

Background: This study explores the potential of food industry by-products, such as plant peels, stems, and slags, as valuable sources of lignocellulosic material (LCM), which contains 25-40% xylan. These underutilized resources, often discarded as waste, hold the promise of sustainable applications in biotechnology. By safely extracting xylooligosaccharides (XOS) from LCM biomass, the value of these materials can be significantly enhanced, contributing to green production and supporting sustainable development. XOS, recognized for its prebiotic activity, has been shown to promote the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, making it a vital research area in the fields of food science, medicine, and technology. Aim: To extract and characterize oligosaccharides derived from by-products of the food industry, evaluate their physicochemical properties, and investigate selected biological activities. Materials and Methods: This study utilized microwave pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis to isolate and purify XOS from wheat bran and brewers’ spent grains (BSG), provided by Altan Taria LLC and APU CoL, respectively. Microwave irradiation at 200°C for 5 minutes was employed as a pretreatment step, followed by hydrolysis using commercial xylanase (Thermomyces lanuginosus, recombinant Aspergillus oryzae, 2500 BXU/g) at 55°C for 24 hours. The resulting hydrolysate underwent filtration with activated carbon and ethanol precipitation to yield purified XOS. Analytical methods, including FTIR spectroscopy, TLC and HPLC, were used for structural and compositional analysis of the purified oligosaccharides. In vitro tests evaluated the ability of XOS to support the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, including Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus fermentum (ATCC 9338), and Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 344), using XOS-enriched media. Additionally, in vivo studies were conducted on rats to determine the biological effects of XOS on gut microbiota. Results: The results demonstrated that prolonged enzymatic hydrolysis for more than 10 hours, using 0.25 g of xylanase per 100 g of substrate, resulted in optimal yields. XOS purity was measured at 87.6% with an 8.1 g yield from wheat bran and 89% purity with a 7.2 g yield from brewers’ spent grains. Structural analysis confirmed the presence of xylobiose, xylotriose, and xylotetraose, with xylotetraose being the most abundant component in WBP-XOS (47.5%), and xylobiose dominating BGS’s derived XOS (47.8%). Biological effects revealed that wheat bran-derived XOS significantly supported the growth of Bifidobacterium spp. and L. fermentum (ATCC 9338) in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas no significant effect was observed on L. casei (ATCC 344). In vivo studies confirmed that XOS consumption increased populations of Bifidobacterium spp. and Akkermansia muciniphila spp. in gut microbiota (p<0.05). Furthermore, XOS consumption reduced plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-C levels while increasing HDL-C levels, demonstrating metabolic benefits. Conclusion This research establishes that XOS with prebiotic activity can be efficiently extracted and purified from food industry by-products using microwave-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis. This approach highlights the potential of utilizing agricultural and industrial waste for producing functional prebiotics, contributing to sustainable practices and offering valuable applications in health and nutrition.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary liver cancer originating from liver cells, classified as a chronic liver disease. This cancer ranks third in the world in terms of mortality rate. The MELD (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease) and Child-Pugh scoring systems are utilized to assess the prognosis of chronic liver diseases. Based on studies suggesting that certain blood test indicators, particularly red cell distribution width (RDW), could be used to predict the prognosis of liver cancer and other cancers, as well as serve as diagnostic markers, this topic was chosen to evaluate the clinical significance of RDW in hepatocellular carcinoma. Aim: The aim is to study some blood test indicators and compare them with the MELD score and Child-Pugh score systems in order to determine the prognosis of chronic liver diseases. Materials and Methods: A retrospective, single-center, cross-sectional study was conducted at Mongolia-Japan Hospital. Among 322 patients diagnosed with HCC, 24 patients were selected for the case group, and 37 patients with liver cirrhosis were included in the control group. Results: According to the research criteria, 61 patients were selected and divided into 3 groups, and statistical analysis was performed. In the detailed blood test, platelet count and WBC count showed statistically significant differences among the 3 groups (p< 0.024). In the biochemical tests, C-reactive protein (CRP) was p< 0.018, total bilirubin p< 0.001, and the mean albumin level p< 0.015, all showing statistically significant differences among the 3 groups. A statistically significant inverse correlation was observed between RDW-CV and the clinical MELD score (r=-0.356). Conclusion Platelet count, RDW, CRP, total bilirubin, and average albumin levels are significantly different across the studied groups. RDW-CV shows a moderate inverse correlation with MELD scores, suggesting its potential as a prognostic marker in chronic liver diseases. Further research with larger sample sizes is recommended to confirm these findings.

Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are often considered a form of contraception by women of reproductive age because of their reversible, effective, safe, and convenient nature. However, its complications include bleeding, infection, displacement, and uterine perforation. Effective contraception can minimize the risk of unintended pregnancy, particularly for women who have additional health risks associated with unintended pregnancy. Intrauterine device (IUD) is considered to be a highly effective and reversible method of contraception (long-acting reversible contraceptives) that is suitable for most women, highly effective, affordable, and requires minimum patient compliance [1]. Despite being infrequent, perforation constitutes a significant complication associated with IUD insertion, with an estimated incidence of 0.8–2.2 per 1,000 insertions [2, 3]. Ultrasound is the preferred diagnostic modality in cases where partial embedding of the IUD is suspected. However, when the IUD extends near or beyond the uterine serosa, radiologists can more confidently diagnose embedding [4]. The patient is a 44-year-old woman with four children. She gave birth for the first time in 1997. A contraceptive device was inserted in 1999, and another was placed four months after her 2009 delivery. She does not recall the date when she had the latter device removed and has no record of having seen it. This case represents a rare instance of secondary bladder stone formation resulting from migration of an intrauterine device (T-shaped IUD) into the bladder. Rapid diagnostic methods, including ultrasonography, CT, and cystoscopy, along with endoscopic surgical intervention, proved to be the most effective approach for both diagnosis and treatment.

Background and Aims: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cause of cancer related death in Mongolia. Early diagnosis is the very important management to increase successful treatment and survival rate. Glypican-3 (GPC3) protein is highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue and in serum of HCC patients. Recent studies have been conducted and suggested as a diagnostic biomarker for detecting HCC in the early stage. Therefore, we investigated the diagnostic value of the serum GPC3 level and compared it to the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level as a diagnostic biomarker of HCC. Methods: We enrolled a total of 90 participants and divided into 3 groups with HCC (30), with liver cirrhosis (LC/30) and healthy (30) as the control group (30). GPC3 and AFP serum (sGPC-3, sAFP) levels were measured using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The diagnostic accuracy was analyzed using the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve and estimated sensitivity and specificity of each biomarker. Results: sGPC3 was significantly elevated in the HCC group as compared to liver cirrhosis and healthy subjects (658±138.2 pg/ml, 378±25.5 pg/ml, 356.3±29 pg/ml) respectively. sGPC-3 sensitivity was 96.6% and specificity was 100%. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for GPC3 was 0.999 (0.996- 1.0).
In comparison, the mean of AFP was significantly higher in HCC (16.9±11.7 ng/ml) than in LC (6.7±7.6 ng/ml) and in healthy subject (3.3±2.1 ng/ml) and AFP sensitivity was 43,3 %, specificity was 95 % with an AUC of 0.808 (0.696- 0.921).
The combination of GPC-3 with AFP achieved the highest sensitivity (97.1%) and specificity (97%). Conclusion Serum GPC3 has a higher sensitivity than AFP for the early diagnosis of HCC. Combination of two markers showed greatest diagnostic accuracy.

Introduction: Air pollution has become one of the major problems in socio-economic and health issues in Mongolia. Among the various hazards of particulate matter (PM) pollutants, microorganisms in PM2.5 and PM10 are thought to be responsible for various allergies and for the spread of respiratory diseases. Recent studies have shown that PM2.5 particles can cause chronic heart failure, heart arrhythmias, and strokes, as well as lung damage, cirrhosis, inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders. Furthermore, some studies have concluded that PM2.5 particles in the environment are a risk factor for gastrointestinal, liver, colon, and lung cancer as well as it affects the growth and metastasis of various cancer cells caused by other factors. In our country, the health effects of air pollution and the relationship between the pathogenesis of cancer research are scarce. Therefore, the study of the effects of PM2.5 particles on cancer cell proliferation, migration (metastasis) can provide a significant role for cancer treatment, diagnosis, and prevention. Purpose: Determining the effects of PM2.5 particles on cancer cell proliferation, migration (metastasis) in in-vitro Material and Methods: A human liver cancer cell line (HepG2), human gastric cancer cell line (AGS) were obtained from the central scientific research laboratory in the Institute of medical sciences. HepG2, AGS cells were seeded at a concentration of 1*105 cells/mL in a culture flask and cultured in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS, 1% antibiotic mix (penicillin, streptomycin) in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37 °C. The cytotoxic effect of PM 2.5 in AGS, HepG2 cells were evaluated by MTT, CCK8 assays. AGS, HepG2 cells were incubated in 96 well plates for 24h then treated with different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 μg ) of Bayankhoshuu, Buhiin urguu, and Zaisan samples for 24h, respectively. Results: Concentrations of 10, 25, and 50 μg/ml of samples collected from the Bukhiin urguu and Zaisan in March increased HepG2 cell growth, while doses of 25, 50 μg/ml of samples collected from Bayankhoshuu in March and December increased HepG2 cell growth. Therefore, concentrations of 25 and 50 μg/ml of samples collected from Bayankhoshuu in March increased AGS cell growth, while concentrations of 25, 100 and μg/ml of samples collected in December increased AGS cell growth. However, no cytotoxic effect was observed in the sample collected from Zaisan in March, whereas the PM2.5 sample enhanced AGS cell growth in dose dependent manner in December.(p <0.05) Conclusion High levels of heavy metals were detected in samples collected in December from Bayankhoshuu, Bukhiin urguu and Zaisan of Ulaanbaatar. Concentration of 25 μg/ml of samples collected from the Bukhiin urguu and Zaisan in March increased HepG2 cell growth. Concentrations of 25 μg/ml of PM2.5 collected from three regions around Ulaanbaatar increased HepG2 and AGS cell migration.

Research of function of vitamin D on immune system has been studying since the study revealed that vitamin D receptor is expressed on the surface of the immune cells. 1,2-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D], physiologically active form, can be generated through hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D], inactive form of vitamin D, in a liver, connecting with specific VDR make biological action. Vitamin D make different biological actions depends on connecting with different immunological cells. Some studies indicated that Vitamin D plays pivotal role in antibacterial innate immune responses through regulating reaction of the main cells as macrophages and dendritic cells. Moreover, calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, is connected with VDRE, modulates the innate immune response through directly inducing expression of catelicithin and β-defensin as antimicrobial peptides, reducing secretion of IL-1b, IL-6, TNF-a, RANKL, COX-2 as proinflammatory cytokines and increasing production of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Vitamin D plays in proliferation and differentiation of T and B cells and regulates the activities of over 500 genes. Vitamin D differently impacts on per se stages of T cells’ proliferation. Vitamin D indirectly mitigates the differentiation from immature B cells to plasma B cells while it directly impacts on regulation of overloaded production of antibodies in plasma B cells. In conclusion, vitamin D modulates the innate- and adaptive immune response through regulation on activation of APCells, proliferation and differentiation of immune cells, secretion of some antibacterial peptides.

Background: According to the study conducted by International Diabetes Federation, total of 127,1 million pregnant women were participated in the study and 21,7million (16,8%) of them were diagnosed as Gestational diabetes mellitus.³ Maternal physical structure, figure and correlation between maternal anthropometrics and fetal measurements influence directly to fetal status, process of labor and termination of birth. During the period between 1950-1960, it was described for the very first time that gestational diabetes mellitus can lead to infant overweight.⁴ Gestational diabetes is a condition in which a woman without diabetes develops high blood sugar levels after 24 weeks thus the risk to develop Diabetes mellitus type 2 increases. The average infant at right after birth weighs approximately 3200-3500 grams but sometimes infants with more than average weight are born. If infant weighs 4000-5000 grams and more than this, it is defined as overweighed. The infant’s weight depends on several factors. However, hereditary factors and blood glucose levels are the main cause of infant’s overweight. According to study conducted by Koyanagi et al, 2003, maternal obesity, diabetes mellitus type 2, post term pregnancy, subsequent pregnancy, maternal and paternal height and weight, maternal older age and previous history of giving birth to overweight infant can lead to infant being born overweight.⁷ Methods: The study is made by using cross sectional method of analytic study and total of 200 pregnant women from Khan-Uul, Bayangol, Chingeltey and Bayanzurkh districts who were attending the first admission of pregnancy follow-ups. According to WHO recommendation, we made diagnosis based on results of glucose tolerance test (blood glucose measurement 2 hours after giving 75 grams of sugar orally). The body mass index is calculated by using body weight and height as BMI. In full term birth, infant weighs less than 3999 grams is normal and more than 4000 grams is termed as overweight infant Results: Infant weight depends on maternal age and it is statistically significant (р<0.025). Pre pregnancy weight and BMI are affecting the increasing level of blood glucose by statistically significant (р<0.005) (table 3). In addition, maternal age (0.012) and Glucose tolerance test (blood glucose level after 2 hours) (0.002) have direct correlation to infant weight and it is statistically significant respectively.
96 of total (48.0%) pregnant women gave vaginal birth, 104 (52,0 %) of them have undergone caesarean section. It seems, that as fetus weight rises, frequency of caesarean section increases (table 5). Moreover, fetal weight depends on gestational physical activities rather than frequency of pregnancy and gestational weight gain (р<0.002). Conclusion Women who gave birth to overweighed infant have higher fasting blood glucose and glucose tolerance test (glucose level after 2 hours) results and higher index than mean BMI. In other words, gestational diabetes mellitus is one of the risk factors which leads to infant’s overweight.

Purpose: To study the effect of Three roots granule medicine with compound medicines ingredient of Asparagus cohinchinensis, Polygonatum odoratum and Polygonatum sibiricum on acute toxicity test and genotoxicity tests. Methods: In toxicity study of Three roots granule medicine, by acute toxicity test were observed general status of animals, body weight changes, signs of poisoning and death for 14 day and determined the maximum tolerated dose, by Ames test, mouse bone marrow polychromatic erythrocyte micronucleus test and mouse sperm deformity test were determined genotoxicity effect. The data were analyzed through SPSS 19.0. Results and Conclusions In the result of toxicity study, three roots granule medicine was MTD>15g/kg, no acute toxic activity, did not induce mutagenic effect in Ames test and was negative in mouse bone marrow polychromatic erythrocyte micronucleus test and mouse sperm deformity test. Three roots granule medicine has no acute toxicity effect, no genotoxicity effect and safety. We as regard as in future can continuously study to the other pharmacology study of three roots granule medicine.

As the proportion of aged population has been increasing worldwide by the rapid development of socio-economy, health science, and educational level that affect the policy against health service and social welfare, one of the urgent issues of Mongolian society and medical science facing is to develop healthy aging process and prevention of pathological aging. As we know, healthy aging process depends upon several factors such as heritage, biological and physiological internal factors, living condition, climate, geography, socio-economy, nutrition, drinking water, lifestyle etc,. Thus, the development of healthy aging and its influential factors is an immediate issue of Mongolian medicine and society.A cross-sectional regression analysis has been used to measure socioeconomic and physiological factors for longevity. Total of 1897 participants aged less than 80 are randomly collected from Ulaanbaatar city and Mongolian 4 regions.Total of 1897 participants, less than 80 years old are involved in this study. People in an urban area are higher than those in countryside. About housing condition, 63.5% of total participants are in apartment at UB and 37.8% is in House and 44.3% in Mongolian Ger. Estimating participant’s income, 25% of relatively healthy population is below than the minimum of subsistence. However 50% of elderly people aged between 75-80 is below than minimum of subsistence. Comparing income level by age and gender income is decreased while age is increased, males are relatively higher than females. Middle income people are by 20.9%, high income people are by 57.7% less the risky than low income people. Unhealthy status is increased by 1.0% while a year of smoking, LDL by 96.5%, HDL by 94.7%, Triglycerid by 71.2%, CAVI by 91% increase risks respectively.Below indicators are more influential for the healthy aging of Mongolian elderly people as follows, education level (ρ-0.001), household income (OR=0.423, ρ<0.0001), living conditions (OR=0.326, ρ<0.05), LDL (OR=0.035, ρ<0.0001), HDL (OR=0.053, ρ<0.0001), glucose (OR=0.014, ρ<0.0001), CAVI (OR=0.090, ρ<0.0001). Higher density of healthy aged populations is found in the central region of Mongolia where altitude is 1000-1500 meters above than sea level (MASL) and temperature is between 0-6 Celsius.