Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) play pivotal roles in cancer progression and have emerged as promising therapeutic targets and biomarkers. VGSCs comprise multiple subtypes with distinct tissue distributions, influencing tumour characteristics in different ways. Among these, the tetrodotoxin-sensitive α-subunits and the β1 subunit, commonly found in breast cancer, have been implicated in metastasis and tumour aggressiveness. The NaV1.5 channel and its neonatal variant (nNaV1.5) are overexpressed in aggressive cancers such as breast, prostate, colorectal, and lung cancers, thereby enhancing their invasive capacity. nNaV1.5 is particularly significant due to its tumour-specific expression and strong association with poor prognosis, especially in breast cancer, where it regulates cell proliferation, invasion, and tumour microenvironment remodelling. This review highlights nNaV1.5 as a critical ion channel that drives metastasis through ion regulation, extracellular acidification, and cytoskeletal remodelling. We further evaluate current therapeutic strategies, including siRNA, monoclonal antibodies, and small-molecule inhibitors, while addressing translational challenges such as tumour heterogeneity, drug delivery limitations, and off-target cardiotoxicity due to its similarity with the adult isoform. In addition, we explore the potential of nNaV1.5 as a biomarker subject to epigenetic regulations by factors including RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST) and histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), which may facilitate patient stratification and treatment optimization. By integrating mechanistic insights, therapeutic opportunities, and translational challenges, this review goes beyond descriptive summaries to provide a framework for advancing nNaV1.5 research from preclinical studies toward clinical application in cancer therapy.

The use of Arabic in medical education and healthcare communication remains limited despite growing linguistic needs in Arabic-speaking populations. Issues related to translation accuracy, cultural sensitivity, and curriculum alignment hinder its integration. The objective of this study is to systematically review how Arabic medical terminology has been translated, validated, and applied in educational and clinical contexts. This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. Searches were conducted in May 2025 across three databases: Scopus, Web of Science (WoS), and the Education Resources Information Center (ERIC). A total of 769 records were retrieved, and 19 peer-reviewed articles were selected based on inclusion criteria. A six-point quality appraisal framework was applied to ensure methodological rigour prior to thematic synthesis. Three major themes emerged: (1) translation and cultural adaptation, highlighting the importance of expert validation and semantic accuracy; (2) psychometric evaluation, where tools such as the Postgraduate Hospital Educational Environment Measure (PHEEM) demonstrated strong internal consistency and contextual clarity; and (3) educational application, showing varied success in enhancing communication, comprehension, and learner confidence. Gaps in terminology standardisation and the limitations of automated translation tools were noted across studies. In conclusion Arabic medical terminology, when supported by structured processes and expert review, makes a meaningful contribution to education and communication. Further efforts should prioritise the development of validated terminology repositories, multidisciplinary collaboration, and the integration of Arabic-language resources into medical curricula to support inclusive and patient-centred care.

Background: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) remain a major cause of occupational disability and productivity loss worldwide. Traditional statistical methods have identified numerous associated factors; however, they often struggle to capture complex non-linear relationships and interactions across multiple domains of risk. Machine learning (ML) offers an alternative analytical approach for modelling such multidimensional relationships. Methods: Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD420250605234), literature searches were conducted in Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed for studies published between 2020 and 2025. Eligible studies applied ML methods to identify factors associated with WRMSDs using cross-sectional study designs. Included studies were appraised using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for analytical cross-sectional studies. Results: Ten studies met the inclusion criteria, representing workers from healthcare, transport, manufacturing, and service sectors across Asia, Africa, and Europe. Frequently applied ML algorithms included random forest, support vector machine, and artificial neural networks, demonstrating strong internal discriminative performance (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.80–0.99), although the absence of external validation in several studies suggests a potential risk of overfitting. Commonly identified factors included age, sex, awkward posture, vibration exposure, prolonged working hours, stress, and burnout. Psychosocial factors, including post-traumatic stress disorder, job stress, and depression, were ranked among the most influential predictors within ML models. Conclusions ML models demonstrate strong capability in discriminating WRMSDs risk and identifying multidimensional risk factors compared with traditional statistical approaches. These models highlight complex interrelationships between ergonomic and psychosocial exposures. Future research should incorporate external validation, objective exposure measurements, and standardized ML reporting frameworks to enhance methodological transparency and generalizability.

Purpose: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of ultrasound-guided retrograde internal jugular venous (IJV) puncture in neurointerventional procedures. Materials and Methods: This single-centre retrospective study evaluates data collected over 20 years. All punctures were performed under general anaesthesia using ultrasound guidance. The data were analyzed to assess patient demographics, indications and potential advantages, the technique of puncture, safety, outcomes, and complications associated with such punctures. Results: The study included 60 patients (males: n=38, 63%; females: n=22, 37%). The median age was 33 years (range 13–73 years). A total of 74 retrograde jugular punctures were performed. Isolated right-sided punctures were done in 31 patients (52%), isolated left-sided punctures in 18 (30%), and 11 patients (18%) underwent bilateral punctures. The preferred access needle was an 18G needle; however, micropuncture access was used in some patients. No inadvertent arterial punctures were encountered. The most common indication was mechanical thrombectomy for cerebral venous thrombosis (62%). Other indications included transvenous embolization of carotid-cavernous fistulae (16%), embolization of cerebral dural arteriovenous fistulae (8%), inferior petrosal sinus sampling (8%), and cerebral venous sinus angioplasty or stenting (6%). In all procedures, the expected technical outcome was achieved. Conclusion Ultrasound-guided retrograde IJV puncture is a safe and effective method for accessing neurovascular pathologies requiring a transvenous approach. Based on our experience, this access has been routinely used without any major complications. We foresee the technique being accepted on a larger scale in the future.

Purpose: We explored the reliability and validity of the Pain-related Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep (PBAS) scale among patients with cancer. Further, we compared the usability of the PBAS scale with that of the Cancer-related Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep-14 (C-DBAS-14) among patients with cancer. Materials and Methods: The medical records of 252 patients with cancer who visited the sleep clinic from August 1, 2023 to June 30, 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. The responses of the enrolled patients to the PBAS, C-DBAS-14, Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and Numeric Rating Scale of pain were collected. Results: The internal consistency reliability of the PBAS scale was excellent (Cronbach’s alpha of 0.96). Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the two-factor structure of the PBAS for patients with cancer is a good fit for the model (Comparative Fit Index, 0.99; Tucker-Lewis Index, 0.99; root mean square error of approximation, 0.14; standardized root mean square residual, 0.05). The convergent validity of the Korean version of the PBAS in patients with cancer was good, as indicated by its significant association with pain severity (r=0.63, p < 0.001), C-DBAS-14 (r=0.33, p < 0.001), and ISI (r=0.21, p < 0.01). The PBAS adequately reflected an increase in pain severity and was more effective and appropriate for capturing pain-related dysfunctional sleep beliefs than the C-DBAS-14. Conclusion The Korean version of the PBAS showed high reliability and validity in patients with cancer, and applicability across cancer types and cancer-related beliefs.

Objective: This study aims to describe histological manifestations and characterise the CDV strain in the tiger to determine its molecular epidemiology and postulate viral pathogenicity. Methods: Histopathology characterisation of the infected tissues were performed through haematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemistry staining, respectively. We conducted virus isolation and titration in Chinese hamster ovarian expressing the dog signalling lymphocytic activation molecule (CHO-SLAM) cells. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to confirm the presence of CDV RNA, nucleotide and amino acid sequence analyses for comprehensive characterisation of the CDV strain. Results: Notable histopathological changes were observed primarily in the brain, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, and stomach, with viral antigens localised in the lung, liver, kidney, and stomach tissues. CDV-induced cell cytopathic effects yielding 4.27 × 10 6 TCID 50 /mL were observed at 48 h post-inoculation in CHO-SLAM cells. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the virus originated from the Asia-1 clade. Notably, 549H and 519I mutations in the hemagglutinin protein were observed, indicating adaptation to a non-canid wildlife species. Conclusions and Relevance: Overall, this study enhances our understanding of the molecular characterisation and evolutionary dynamics of the CDV strain present in the Malayan tiger and serves as a benchmark for developing effective preventative measures to protect Malayan tigers and mitigate their risk of extinction.

Background: Dental records are essential repositories of patient information that support diagnosis, treatment planning, continuity of care, and medicolegal accountability, making them a fundamental component of safe, effective, and transparent dental practices. This study aimed to explore the perceptions and experiences of academic and nonacademic clinical staff regarding a paper-based patient record system at a Malaysian public dental institute. Methods: A qualitative phenomenological design underpinned by the sociotechnical systems theory was employed. Purposive sampling recruited 20 full-time staff (10 academic, 10 nonacademic) with at least 1 year of experience using the manual record system and no prior training in electronic dental records. Semi-structured, one-on-one interviews were conducted between May 2025 and October 2025, audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis. Rigor was enhanced through independent coding, member checking, reflexive journaling, and adherence to the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research checklist. Results: Four main themes were identified: (1) inefficiency and accessibility challenges; (2) accuracy, legibility, and record integrity; (3) continuity of care and patient safety risks; and (4) desire for digital transition and system improvements. Conclusion Although manual paper-based dental records remain central to documentation in teaching dental institutions, they present growing inefficiencies and safety concerns, highlighting the need for sociotechnical-informed strategies that align human processes, technology, and institutional support to enhance record-keeping and patient care.

Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) is an emerging nosocomial pathogen, with violet-pigmented strains representing a rare and possibly neglected but clinically important subset. We report a case of a 62-year-old man with end-stage renal disease on dialysis who presented with fever and cough. Blood cultures from central and peripheral lines grew violet-pigmented, non-lactose fermenting colonies on MacConkey agar, later identified as Burkholderia contaminans sequence type 922 (ST922) via a multimodal approach. Initial phenotypic methods (VITEK-2, API20NE and MALDI-ToF) and 16S rDNA sequencing were inconclusive; however, multilocus sequence typing confirmed ST922, a strain previously reported in India and associated with nosocomial outbreaks. The isolate was susceptible to ceftazidime, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, minocycline, and meropenem. The patient responded well to intravenous ceftazidime, with subsequent blood cultures yielding no growth. Notably, antimicrobial susceptibility varied geographically, with some ST922 isolates resistant to third-generation cephalosporins. This case illustrates the diagnostic challenges in Bcc speciation and highlights the value of molecular tools such as MLST. The detection of this strain in Malaysia raises concerns about global dissemination, potentially via contaminated medical devices or water systems. Early recognition of violet-pigmented Bcc in resource-limited settings can facilitate prompt, targeted treatment. This report underscores the need for environmental surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship to prevent spread, while reinforcing Bcc’s ecological adaptability and clinical significance, especially in immunocompromised individuals.

Purpose: This study evaluated the performance of the YOLOv8m-seg model in detecting and delineating interproximal caries and cervical burnout on bitewing radiographs and examined whether increasing the number of training epochs improved segmentation accuracy and consistency. Materials and Methods: In total, 1,410 bitewing radiographs were annotated using polygon-based masks by a trained dental clinician. The YOLOv8m-seg model was trained for 50, 100, and 150 epochs on 1,128 images and validated on 282 images using the Ultralytics segmentation framework. Model performance was assessed using precision, recall, and mean average precision at intersection-over-union thresholds of 0.5 and 0.5 to 0.95 (mAP0.5, mAP0.5-0.95) for both bounding box and mask outputs. Additional evaluation was conducted on a non-augmented validation subset. Results: Extended training duration was associated with improved segmentation performance. The highest mask mAP0.5-0.95 value was 0.828 at epoch 150. Both box-based precision and recall increased with longer training, whereas mask-based evaluation more accurately reflected the model’s ability to delineate the boundaries of caries and cervical burnout. Performance appeared consistent across both classes in the augmented validation split but was reduced in the non-augmented validation subset. Conclusion The YOLOv8m-seg model demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing proximal caries from cervical burnout on bitewing radiographs. Its mask-based outputs may assist clinicians in early lesion recognition and support improved diagnostic decision-making. Future studies should evaluate model generalizability across broader populations and diverse clinical environments and should prioritize assessment using non-augmented validation sets and independent test datasets.