Background: Visual impairment may negatively affect children’s daily activities, educational opportunities, and hygiene practices, including their ability to maintain oral hygiene independently. Therefore, assessing the oral health status of visually impaired children is important for improving access to dental care services and developing preventive oral health programs. Aim: To compare the oral health status of visually impaired and sighted children. Materials and Methods: A total of 174 children from grades 1–12 of School No. 116 for visually impaired children and Logarithm School in Ulaanbaatar were included in this study. Oral examinations were conducted using an examination form developed according to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2013) guidelines. The study was carried out using a descriptive cross-sectional design, and the collected data were statistically analyzed. Result: Among visually impaired children, the prevalence of dental caries was 77%, with a mean DMFT index of 4.4±3.8. Among sighted children, the prevalence of dental caries was 75.9%, with a mean DMFT index of 4.7±3.8. The prevalence of gingivitis was 18.4% in visually impaired children and 11.5% in sighted children. Oral hygiene status was predominantly classified as poor or fair among visually impaired children, whereas a good level of oral hygiene predominated among sighted children. Conclusion 1. The prevalence and severity of dental caries were similar between visually impaired and sighted children. 2. The prevalence of gingivitis was comparable between visually impaired (18.4%) and sighted children (11.5%). 3. Oral hygiene status was generally poorer among visually impaired children, while sighted children predominantly demonstrated good oral hygiene.

Background: Children with disabilities experience long-term impairments in one or more developmental domains, including cognitive, communicative, motor, behavioral, sensory, and self-care functions, often requiring continuous support in daily life. These children are particularly vulnerable to poor oral health due to a combination of factors such as limited motor coordination, dependence on caregivers, longterm medication use, and unfavorable dietary patterns. Consequently, they are at increased risk for dental caries, periodontal diseases, and oral infections. In Mongolia, oral health disparities among children with disabilities remain insufficiently explored, and evidence-based data on their treatment needs are limited. Addressing this gap is essential for planning targeted preventive and therapeutic strategies. Aim: To evaluate the oral health status and determine the dental treatment needs of children with disabilities in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 888 children with disabilities attending special education schools in Ulaanbaatar. Oral examinations were performed following ethical approval (No. 2023/3-06) from the Research Ethics Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences. Dental caries was assessed using dmft/DMFT indices, and oral hygiene status was evaluated using a plaque index. Data were analyzed using Stata 16.0, with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Result: The overall prevalence of dental caries was 85.5%, indicating a substantial disease burden. Caries prevalence and mean experience were 66.7% and 5.28±4.58 (dmft) in primary dentition, 86.2% and 5.23±3.75 (DMFT + dmft) in mixed dentition, and 83.6% and 5.44±4.00 (DMFT) in permanent dentition. Oral hygiene assessment showed that only 9.8% of children had good hygiene, whereas 46.3% exhibited poor oral hygiene, which was consistently associated with higher caries levels across diagnostic groups. Notably, 83.3% of children had at least one untreated decayed tooth or caries-related complication, reflecting a considerable unmet treatment need. Conclusion 1. The prevalence of dental caries among children with disabilities in Ulaanbaatar was 85.5%. Specifically, during the primary dentition stage, the prevalence was 66.7% with a mean caries experience of 5.28±4.58 (dmft). In the mixed dentition stage, the prevalence increased to 86.2% with a mean caries experience of 5.23±3.75 (DMFT+dmft). During the permanent dentition stage, the prevalence was 83.6%, with a mean DMFT score of 5.44±4.00. 2. Assessment of oral hygiene status using the plaque index revealed that 9.8% of the children had “Good” oral hygiene, 43.9% had “Fair” hygiene, and 46.3% had “Poor” oral hygiene. 3. The caries profile was predominantly characterized by untreated decayed teeth, and a strong direct association was observed between dental caries and oral hygiene status. Overall, 83.3% of the children required oral healthcare services and treatment, with the highest needs observed among those with permanent dentition, males, and children with intellectual disabilities.

Background: Sleep is a complex neuropsychological, biological, and physiological process essential to human health. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent disorder worldwide. In Asian countries, 12–40% of the population, and in the United States, 35.8% of the population are estimated to be at high risk for OSA. In Mongolia, however, there is limited research on the prevalence of OSA, which led to the initiation of this study. Aim: To determine the prevalence and risk level of OSA among the Mongolian population. Materials and Methods: A total of 1,405 individuals aged 18 and older from the clinical Mon-Timeline cohort study were assessed using the Berlin Questionnaire (BQ). The BQ evaluates three categories: snoring and witnessed apneas, daytime sleepiness, and high blood pressure and obesity. Individuals who met criteria in any two of the three categories were classified as being at high risk for OSA. Data on educational attainment and lifestyle behaviors were collected using the Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t-test, Pearson’s chi-square test (χ²), and ANOVA. Results: The mean age of participants was 42 ± 14.3 years, and 42.5% were male. A total of 24.3% (n=341) were found to be at high risk for OSA. The risk increased with age: 6.7% in individuals under 30, 28.3% in those aged 30–50, and 39.4% in those over 50. Participants at high risk for OSA tended to be older and more physically inactive. Additionally, 41.7% of all participants reported snoring, and 39.3% of those stated that their snoring disturbed others. Conclusion A significant portion (24.4%) of the Mongolian population is at high risk for OSA. These individuals are more likely to be older and physically inactive. The high prevalence of snoring and associated disturbances suggests a need for increased awareness, early detection, and age-targeted prevention strategies in Mongolia.

Background: Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands, typically presenting with symptoms such as xerostomia (dry mouth) and xerophthalmia (dry eyes). This disease can appear as an isolated condition or in association with other diseases. It is most commonly associated with rheumatologic disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, but in rare cases, it may also be associated with other autoimmune diseases involving various organ systems. Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic liver inflammation characterized by elevated serum globulin and antibody levels. The coexistence of Sjögren's syndrome and autoimmune hepatitis is very rare, with some sources indicating an incidence of only 1.7%. In our clinical case report, a rare occurrence was observed in a 52-year-old female who had been diagnosed with Sjögren's syndrome in 2022 and later developed symptoms of hepatitis, leading to a diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis. When autoimmune hepatitis coexists with other autoimmune diseases, it often presents with mild clinical symptoms, which may delay the diagnosis. Case report: A 52-year-old female patient presented in 2020 with complaints of dry eyes and mouth, blurred vision, decreased saliva production, fatigue, and occasional swelling of the lymph nodes, as reported during her medical history. In December 2022, she was seen by a rheumatologist at the Mongolia-Japan Medical Center. Laboratory tests revealed positive results for anti-SSA52, CENP-B, ANA IgG, and RF, with altered liver function (see Table 1). A Shirmer test was positive, and saliva production was ≤ 0.1 mL/min. According to the ACR-EULAR 2016 diagnostic criteria, she scored 5 points, confirming the diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome. Treatment was initiated with hydroxychloroquine and corticosteroids, along with medications for gastric protection, liver protection, and prevention of complications. In March 2023, during a follow-up visit, laboratory tests showed altered liver function (see Table 1). Hepatitis B and C antibodies were negative, and Liver-9-line results were normal. Due to the positive clinical dynamics of Sjögren's syndrome, the dose of hydroxychloroquine was reduced, and other treatments were continued. The patient was also advised to see a gastroenterologist for further evaluation. In August 2024, she presented to the gastroenterology department at Intermed Hospital with complaints of left abdominal pain and jaundice. Upon examination, abdominal ultrasound was normal, but laboratory results showed elevated IgG (132 H), ANA (>400 U/L), ALT (119.2 U/L), and AST (132.8 U/L), which raised suspicion of autoimmune hepatitis. Consequently, a liver biopsy was performed. Liver Biopsy (August 2024): The liver tissue shows a portal triad with 13 portal trios, where there is mild infiltration of lymphocytes, eosinophils, and a few neutrophils around the portal triads. Focal macrosteatosis of hepatocytes and bile stasis are observed. In Masson’s trichrome stain: There is fibrosis around the portal triads with connective tissue proliferation (ISHAK-1). In PAS staining: Focal positive staining is observed within the hepatocytes. According to the international autoimmune hepatitis diagnostic criteria, the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis was confirmed with a score of 8 (ANA +2, IgG +2, Biopsy +2, HBV HCV negative +2). Liver biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Treatment with corticosteroids and choleretic therapy was initiated, and a follow-up visit is planned in one month. In September 2024, upon follow-up, liver function had improved compared to previous tests, and treatment was continued. The patient is now under ongoing monitoring by both a gastroenterologist and a rheumatologist. Conclusion The coexistence of Sjögren's syndrome and autoimmune hepatitis is a rare clinical occurrence, with foreign studies reporting an incidence of less than 1%. However, if autoimmune hepatitis goes undiagnosed, it can lead to complications such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, it is of critical importance to perform antibody tests and tissue biopsy for early detection and differential diagnosis in patients diagnosed with Sjögren's syndrome who present with liver and biliary symptoms or laboratory findings indicating liver dysfunction. This clinical case emphasizes the need for careful monitoring and early intervention.

Background: The shapes of the eye and upper eyelid are distinctive facial landmarks. The palpebral fissure is composed of the free edges of upper and lower eyelids the lateral and medial canthus. Many researchers confirmed that the morphometric characteristics of the palpebral fissure, canthal distance and exophthalmometirc value (EV) vary according to race, ethnicity, age and sex and normative values which may serve as a reference in the index population. Knowledge of normal dimensions, the existence of asymmetry of the palpebral fissure is of value in several clinical specialties including ophthalmology, plastic and reconstructive surgery and traumatology, where it plays a part in the patient evaluation, management and outcomes. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Ophthalmological Department, Third State Central Hospital between January 2022 and August 2022. We included participants who are above 18 years, no history of congenital or traumatic craniofacial deformities, any orbital fractures, tumors and surgeries. All measured values that represent eyelid shape and EV were calculated by mean and standard deviation for statistical analysis. Results: A total of 103 participants aged 19-86 were included in the study, of which 44 (42.7%) were male and 59 (57.3%) were female. The distance between the lateral and medial canthus ranged from 20 to 35 mm, and the mean of the right and left side was 28.30+3.23 mm and 28.05+2.99 mm, respectively (p=0.561). The palpebral fissure height ranged from 5 to 13 mm, and the mean of the right and left side was 8.85+1.65 mm and 8.80+1.65 mm, respectively (p=0.816). The mean distance between the lateral canthi were 90.39+5.57 (range: 80-105 mm), whereas the mean distance between the medial canthi were 63.75+4.25 (range: 53-73 mm). The orbital height varied between 27-43 mm (33.73+3.72) and 26-44 mm (33.78+3.73) on the right and left sides, while the orbital width varied between 26-47 mm (36.75+4.53) and 27-45 mm (36.72+4.42) on the right and left sides, respectively. When measuring the exophthalmometric value (EV), the axial position of the eyeball, with the Hertel’s exophthalmometer, it ranged from 8 to 20 mm on both sides (mean value 13.68+3.01 and 13.71+3.00 on the right and left sides, respectively), and there was no statistically significant difference in symmetry (p=0.94). Conclusion The results are determined different from the findings of Chinese, Korean, Afro-American and Caucasian population based studies. Thus further evaluation is required to represent the normative value of Mongolian index population, that is highly beneficial for clinical assessment, diagnosis and management.

Background: TED (thyroid eye disease) is an inflammatory disease of the orbit caused by autoimmune diseases of the thyroid, which adversely affect the vision, appearance, and quality of life. Exophthalmos and eyelid retraction are the main features of TED, which can lead to ocular motility, diplopia, optic neuropathy, and permanent vision loss. The study aims to determine the most common clinical signs of TED in Mongolians and define whether there is a correlation with the levels of thyroid autoantibodies. Methods: The study involved 102 patients with TED and 81 patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy. The clinical features of TED were identified and evaluated by activity score (CAS) and severity of GO using the European Group of Graves’ Orbitopathy (EUGOGO). Results: The mean age of TED patients was 42.6±11.2, which was younger than GD patients (P=0.012). The current smoker was 24 patients (23.5%) with TED, which is relatively higher than GD (P=0.0001). The most common ocular signs were eyelid retraction 80 (78.4%), proptosis 77 (75.5%), diplopia 14 (13.7%) and 4% vision loss. There were no differences in proptosis between the right (18 mm, median) and left eye (17.8 mm, median) (P>0.05). The mean CAS score was 3.09±1.72 and varied depending on gender and smoking. According to EUGOGO, 62.7% of the patients were moderately severe. Only 7 % of the patients were in the sight-threatening stage, presenting optic neuropathy and corneal breakdown. The mean TSI level in patients with TED was 37.95 ± 35.41 IU / ml, which was 2.7 times higher than the mean in patients with GD. Conclusions Eyelid retraction and exophthalmos are the most common clinical signs of TED. Early diagnosis of these features can prevent complications of the disease. Determining serum TSI levels will help in the treatment and monitoring of TED.

Background: This study radiographically evaluated the performance of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) applied in tooth sockets. Methods: Sixty-eightextractions of bilateral impacted mandibular third molars were performed in 30 patients. In one side the autologous platelet-rich plasma was placed and the other side was filled with a blood clot. Radiographic bone density was quantified 3 times by the same examiner at different moments using ImageJ software, and data was statistically analyzed by SPSS 24.0 software. Results: There was significantly faster bone formation in sockets treated with PRP (P<0.001). Significant healing was observed in the first month (P<0.004), second month (P< 0.001) for the PRP group. Conclusions Use of the autologous PRP method can skip the resorptive phase, and proceed bone regeneration. Thus, to prove the results histomorphometric analysis is preferred.

Appendiceal mucocele is an obstructivedilatation of the appendix caused byintraluminal accumulation of mucoid material.It is a rare disease. The incidence is 0.2%to 0.3% of all appendectomied specimens.The brush size to 3 cm are considered to besmall, up to 6 cm - average and more than9 cm - giantCases: the patient 50 years old, man,place of residence: the city of UB songinokhairkhan duureg. Specialists of the driver,in the year immediately 2015,02,02 wasoperated with the diagnosis of acuteappendicitis. Complaints on admission:pain on the right side of the abdomen, anagging pain when moving and walking,stomach rumbling. History of the disease:the pain started with 2015,01,31 at 8 pmfrom the bottom of the abdomen. tookhome chloramphenicol but not helpedso 2015,02,02 year at 9 o’clock enteredvia ambulance. Medical examination: thesatisfactory condition of the active position,the skin clean, moist, blood pressure160/110, pulse 98 beats per minute Spo298%. 10*7,7*5,5 см size /Fig.1-2/ , white /Fig. 3-4/ , smooth surface /Fig.1-4/, insideslimy gray mucinous /Fig. 5-6/ bag /Fig. 5/above listed items on a standard attached,aims to study the histology. The result ofthe following: Mucocele of the appendixwith hyalinized wall and with the additionof acute inflammation with microabscesses.

We present the fi rst 2 cases of cochlear implantation in Mongolia using “SONATA” type implant of “MED-EL” Company, Austria. CASE 1: A six years old, female had been diagnosed with bilateral congenital profound hearing loss and had been fi tted with hearing aids for 5 years and received little benefi t from her hearing aids and developed very poor speech and language, used lip reading and have had vocabulary of approximately 10 words. A radiological evaluation showed normal cochlea and auditory nerve. Cochlear implant team including speech therapists and audiologists based on the informed consent of patient’s parent decided that family able to participate in follow-up, speech habilitation programme. Patient implanted with SONATA of MED-EL on 4 August, 2009. Electrodes were inserted fully. After 10 days of switch on of the speech processor the patient showed signs of initial hearing of loud sounds. After 5 months of Auditory Verbal Therapy the vocabulary increased up to 50 words. Hearing, cognition and responses are increasing simultaneously. CASE 2: A 2 years old female. Congenitally deaf in both ears. Fitted with hearing aid for 3 months before the surgery and there was no benefi t from hearing aid. Physically and mentally healthy. Patient implanted with SONATA of MED-EL on 4 August, 2009. Electrodes were inserted fully. On 25th days of switching on of speech processor the patient showed initial hearing of loud sounds. Currently, after 5months of treatment her vocabulary is 2 short words and can recognize 4 syllabeles. She is very active, repeats actions and has open nature, feels comfortable with CI.