The number of patients with eye diseases in China is enormous,and the negative effects of these conditions,such as impaired visual function,psychological burdens,and restricted social participation,are becoming increasingly severe.Due to the limited and unevenly distributed ophthalmic resources,and the significant limitations of traditional diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in terms of accuracy and efficiency,there is an urgent need for more sensitive and efficient modalities.With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence technology,ophthalmic diagnosis has entered a new stage of intelligent transformation.Facial photos,as a noninvasive and convenient medium,show unique advantages in eye disease diagnosis.Artificial intelligence systems based on facial photo analysis have been applied to the screening and diagnosis of conditions such as myopia,strabismus,ptosis,and thyroid eye disease,showing promising results.This review introduces the workflow of intelligent diagnosis for ocular diseases based on facial photographs,with a focus on recapitulating relevant research findings both domestically and internationally in recent years.It summarizes the innovative features and application advantages of intelligent diagnosis systems for eye diseases based on facial photos,analyzes the current technical bottlenecks and challenges in application,proposes corresponding countermeasures,and discusses future development directions,aiming to provide references and new insights for the intelligent screening and diagnosis of eye diseases.

The number of patients with eye diseases in China is enormous,and the negative effects of these conditions,such as impaired visual function,psychological burdens,and restricted social participation,are becoming increasingly severe.Due to the limited and unevenly distributed ophthalmic resources,and the significant limitations of traditional diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in terms of accuracy and efficiency,there is an urgent need for more sensitive and efficient modalities.With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence technology,ophthalmic diagnosis has entered a new stage of intelligent transformation.Facial photos,as a noninvasive and convenient medium,show unique advantages in eye disease diagnosis.Artificial intelligence systems based on facial photo analysis have been applied to the screening and diagnosis of conditions such as myopia,strabismus,ptosis,and thyroid eye disease,showing promising results.This review introduces the workflow of intelligent diagnosis for ocular diseases based on facial photographs,with a focus on recapitulating relevant research findings both domestically and internationally in recent years.It summarizes the innovative features and application advantages of intelligent diagnosis systems for eye diseases based on facial photos,analyzes the current technical bottlenecks and challenges in application,proposes corresponding countermeasures,and discusses future development directions,aiming to provide references and new insights for the intelligent screening and diagnosis of eye diseases.

To report the clinical, radiological and neuropathological findings of a patient with rheuma-toid meningitis. The patient was a 71-year-old Chinese man with a two-year history of rheumatoid arthritisand no other significant medical history, who presented to our hospital recurrent weakness of his left ex-tremities, dysarthria and a continuous bilateral hand tremor. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serumexam-inations were normal apart from a mildly raised serum perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody(p-ANCA). Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed leptomeningeal enhancementin both fron-tal and parietal lobes, in addition to several old white matter infarcts. Meningeal biopsy showed numerousinfiltrating macrophages and lymphocytes within the leptomeninges. The patient responded clinically andradiologically to corticosteroid and cyclophosphamide therapy. The patient subsequently developed herpeszoster over his left chest as a complication of his immunosuppressive treatment. His cyclophosphamidewas ceased and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy was commenced, with good clinical responseto both the herpes zoster and meningitis. According to the result of the biopsy, aseptic meningitis wasconsidered the MRI results and the patient’s clinical history were given, and a diagnosis of rheumatoidmeningitis was made. The patientwas p-ANCApositive. Although there was no evidence for cerebral vas-culitis on biopsy, it remains a possibility that the patient’s recurrent minor cerebral infarcts visible onMRI were vasculitic in nature.