The medical mask,which is used as an important tool of preventing the spread of respiratory diseases,can effectively block the transmission of biological aerosols.The detection for the filtration efficiency of bacteria in medical mask is particular importance.The Andersen sampler,is one kind of device that samples microbial aerosols,is widely used in the inspection for the filtration efficiency for bacteria in medical masks.It mainly consists of six impactors with different pore sizes.It simulates the deposition process of the most of particles at different positions in respiratory system through the bacterial particles in biological aerosols impact respectively the surface of petri dishes with agar under different pore sizes.This paper explored the development background,structure and sampling principle,operation and counting procedures of the Andersen sampler,as well as its application and importance in the inspection for the filtration efficiency for bacteria in medical mask.

BACKGROUND: The effect of the interval between previous Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication and rescue treatment on therapeutic outcomes remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between eradication rates and treatment interval durations in H. pylori infections. METHODS: This prospective observational study was conducted from December 2021 to February 2023 at six tertiary hospitals in Shandong, China. We recruited patients who were positive for H. pylori infection and required rescue treatment. Demographic information, previous times of eradication therapy, last eradication therapy date, and history of antibiotic use data were collected. The patients were divided into four groups based on the rescue treatment interval length: Group A, ≥4 weeks and ≤3 months; Group B, >3 and ≤6 months; Group C, >6 and ≤12 months; and Group D, >12 months. The primary outcome was the eradication rate of H. pylori . Drug compliance and adverse events (AEs) were also assessed. Pearson's χ2 test or Fisher's exact test was used to compare eradication rates between groups. RESULTS: A total of 670 patients were enrolled in this study. The intention-to-treat (ITT) eradication rates were 88.3% (158/179) in Group A, 89.6% (120/134) in Group B, 89.1% (123/138) in Group C, and 87.7% (192/219) in Group D. The per-protocol (PP) eradication rates were 92.9% (156/168) in Group A, 94.5% (120/127) in Group B, 94.5% (121/128) in Group C, and 93.6% (190/203) in Group D. There was no statistically significant difference in the eradication rates between groups in either the ITT ( P = 0.949) or PP analysis ( P = 0.921). No significant differences were observed in the incidence of AEs ( P = 0.934) or drug compliance ( P = 0.849) between groups. CONCLUSION: The interval duration of rescue treatment had no significant effect on H. pylori eradication rates or the incidence of AEs. REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT05173493.
Humans ; Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy* ; Helicobacter pylori/pathogenicity* ; Male ; Female ; Prospective Studies ; Middle Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects* ; Adult ; Aged ; Treatment Outcome ; Proton Pump Inhibitors/therapeutic use*

The medical mask,which is used as an important tool of preventing the spread of respiratory diseases,can effectively block the transmission of biological aerosols.The detection for the filtration efficiency of bacteria in medical mask is particular importance.The Andersen sampler,is one kind of device that samples microbial aerosols,is widely used in the inspection for the filtration efficiency for bacteria in medical masks.It mainly consists of six impactors with different pore sizes.It simulates the deposition process of the most of particles at different positions in respiratory system through the bacterial particles in biological aerosols impact respectively the surface of petri dishes with agar under different pore sizes.This paper explored the development background,structure and sampling principle,operation and counting procedures of the Andersen sampler,as well as its application and importance in the inspection for the filtration efficiency for bacteria in medical mask.

Esophageal cancer is one of the global public health problems, which is a serious threat to life and health. Screening is not only an important main measures to reduce the incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer, but also an effective strategy for early prevention and early treatment. There are significant differences in the screening status of esophageal adenocarcinoma and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cancer between China and abroad. Internationally, there are several guidelines for screening and monitoring of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma, but most guidelines do not recommend screening in the general population. The primary screening by sponge ball then endoscopic diagnosis is a new focus. In China, the screening of esophageal cancer and its precancerous lesions is mainly esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, which has been relatively mature and gradually transformed from population screening to opportunistic screening. However, due to the high cost, high technical difficulty and certain invasiveness, it is difficult to popularize and be applied widely; and the canceration rate of precancerous lesions is low, so it is very important to control the cost of screening and scientific follow-up. Moreover, high-risk population should raise their awareness of cancer prevention, actively take primary prevention and the initiative to participate in screening. About medicine institutions, it is urgent to improve the awareness and capacity of early screening. The multi-disciplinary research cooperation, minimally invasive, simple and economical screening methods and multi-omics biomarkers are still explored to detect and concentrate high-risk populations, which will help to optimize screening programs of esophageal cancer and further reduce the incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer.

Objective:To establish a normal data model of fetal right ventricular size and function using echocardiography，and to explore the clinical value of quantitative assessment of right ventricular size and function in the diagnosis of congenital heart diseases.Methods:（1）A simple random sampling method was employed to collect 1 004 pregnant women with normal singleton pregnancies at 24 to 32 +6 weeks of gestation who underwent fetal cardiac ultrasound examinations at the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University from January 2021 to December 2023. Two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography were used to measure the right ventricular end-diastolic diameter（RVEDD），right ventricular end-diastolic area（RVEDA），tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion（TAPSE）during systole，and the right ventricular fractional area change（RVFAC）was calculated. The correlations between the above parameters and ultrasound gestational age（USGA）were analyzed. Moreover，percentile growth curves for each parameter were plotted. With the above parameters as dependent variables and the USGA as the independent variable，a Z-score model was established through regression analysis.（2）A stratified sampling method was adopted to select 30 fetuses diagnosed with hypoplastic right heart syndrome（HRHS）and 30 fetuses diagnosed with pulmonary stenosis（PS）during the same period as the case group. The model was verified，and the morphological and functional characteristics of the right ventricle were analyzed. Results:The data of RVEDD，RVEDA，TAPSE，and RVFAC in normal fetuses showed a skewed distribution. Each parameter showed good linear correlations with USGA（ r=0.836，0.834，0.846，0.242；all P<0.001）. The constructed percentile curves for each parameter indicated that RVEDD，RVEDA and TAPSE increased significantly with the growth of USGA，while RVFAC showed a slow downward trend. All parameters in the HRHS group and TAPSE and RVFAC in the PS group deviated significantly from the normal reference range（all P<0.001）. Conclusions:By analyzing RVEDD，RVEDA，TAPSE and RVFAC of normal fetuses，the percentile and Z-score normal reference value models of multiple parameters of fetal right ventricular size and function have been established，providing corresponding standards for quantitative analysis.

OBJECTIVE To investigate and analyze the protective effect of Huayu Jiedu Decoction(HYJD)on the inflammatory injury of cardiomyocytes induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide(LPS),and its molecular mecha-nism of inhibitory effect on inflammatory response.METHODS H9c2 cells were cultured in vitro and divided into:the blank control group(Control group),the model control group(LPS group),the drug treatment group(HYJD group)and the combined treatment group(LPS+HYJD group).H9c2 cells were treated with different concentrations of HYJD(2.5,5,10,20 and 40 mg/ml)for 24 h,and the activity of H9c2 cells was detected by MTT assay.Additionally,H9c2 cells were treated with LPS-induced myocardial inflammatory injury cell model after 24 h of HYJD intervention at each concentration gradients to detect the cell proliferation changes,as well as to detect the levels of apoptosis of cardiomyocytes and the levels of interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-6,IL-8,IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α in the culture supernatant of experimental groups,the changes in the protein ex-pression of NO production and the expression changes of iNOS and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway protein,and Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR)was used to detect mRNA expression of IL-7R,P38(MAPK)and CXCR2.RESULTS Compared with the Control group,low-concentration HYJD had no significant effect on H9c2 cell viability and did not induce cytotoxic effect,and HYJD increased the survival rate of H9c2 cells in the LPS-induced myocardial inflammatory injury model,and effectively reversed the inhibitory effect of the pro-liferative activity of H9c2 cells induced by LPS.Compared with the control group,the difference in apoptosis level of H9c2 cells in the HYJD monotherapy group was not statistically significant,while the levels of inflammatory apoptosis of H9c2 cells induced by LPS was elevated(P＜0.05).Compared with the LPS group,HYJD inhibited the levels of inflammatory apoptosis in H9c2 cells induced by LPS(P＜0.05),reduced the production of pro-in-flammatory cytokines such as IL-1β,IL-6,IL-8 and TNF-α in the supernatant of the LPS-induced myocardial in-flammatory injury H9c2 cell culture,and upregulated the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10.Additionally,com-pared with the Control group,the LPS group showed an increased level of NO release(P＜0.05),while the difference in NO release in the low-concentration(5 mg/ml)HYJD was not statistically significant.Compared with the LPS group,the NO release levels in each HYJD intervention group showed a concentration-dependent de-crease(all P＜0.05).Furthermore,compared with the control group,whereas the expression levels of iNOS and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway proteins in the LPS-induced H9c2 cells were both elevated(P＜0.05).CONCLUSION HYJD exhibits protective effects against LPS-induced septic myocardial injury and can exert an in-hibitory effect on inflammatory response,and the molecular mechanisms may be related to the inhibition of the ac-tivation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and the down-regulation of the expression of inflammatory genes,etc.,and it may have a good biological activity in the prevention and treatment of septic myocardial injury.

OBJECTIVE To investigate and analyze the protective effect of Huayu Jiedu Decoction(HYJD)on the inflammatory injury of cardiomyocytes induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide(LPS),and its molecular mecha-nism of inhibitory effect on inflammatory response.METHODS H9c2 cells were cultured in vitro and divided into:the blank control group(Control group),the model control group(LPS group),the drug treatment group(HYJD group)and the combined treatment group(LPS+HYJD group).H9c2 cells were treated with different concentrations of HYJD(2.5,5,10,20 and 40 mg/ml)for 24 h,and the activity of H9c2 cells was detected by MTT assay.Additionally,H9c2 cells were treated with LPS-induced myocardial inflammatory injury cell model after 24 h of HYJD intervention at each concentration gradients to detect the cell proliferation changes,as well as to detect the levels of apoptosis of cardiomyocytes and the levels of interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-6,IL-8,IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α in the culture supernatant of experimental groups,the changes in the protein ex-pression of NO production and the expression changes of iNOS and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway protein,and Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR)was used to detect mRNA expression of IL-7R,P38(MAPK)and CXCR2.RESULTS Compared with the Control group,low-concentration HYJD had no significant effect on H9c2 cell viability and did not induce cytotoxic effect,and HYJD increased the survival rate of H9c2 cells in the LPS-induced myocardial inflammatory injury model,and effectively reversed the inhibitory effect of the pro-liferative activity of H9c2 cells induced by LPS.Compared with the control group,the difference in apoptosis level of H9c2 cells in the HYJD monotherapy group was not statistically significant,while the levels of inflammatory apoptosis of H9c2 cells induced by LPS was elevated(P＜0.05).Compared with the LPS group,HYJD inhibited the levels of inflammatory apoptosis in H9c2 cells induced by LPS(P＜0.05),reduced the production of pro-in-flammatory cytokines such as IL-1β,IL-6,IL-8 and TNF-α in the supernatant of the LPS-induced myocardial in-flammatory injury H9c2 cell culture,and upregulated the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10.Additionally,com-pared with the Control group,the LPS group showed an increased level of NO release(P＜0.05),while the difference in NO release in the low-concentration(5 mg/ml)HYJD was not statistically significant.Compared with the LPS group,the NO release levels in each HYJD intervention group showed a concentration-dependent de-crease(all P＜0.05).Furthermore,compared with the control group,whereas the expression levels of iNOS and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway proteins in the LPS-induced H9c2 cells were both elevated(P＜0.05).CONCLUSION HYJD exhibits protective effects against LPS-induced septic myocardial injury and can exert an in-hibitory effect on inflammatory response,and the molecular mechanisms may be related to the inhibition of the ac-tivation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and the down-regulation of the expression of inflammatory genes,etc.,and it may have a good biological activity in the prevention and treatment of septic myocardial injury.

Objective:To establish a normal data model of fetal right ventricular size and function using echocardiography，and to explore the clinical value of quantitative assessment of right ventricular size and function in the diagnosis of congenital heart diseases.Methods:（1）A simple random sampling method was employed to collect 1 004 pregnant women with normal singleton pregnancies at 24 to 32 +6 weeks of gestation who underwent fetal cardiac ultrasound examinations at the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University from January 2021 to December 2023. Two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography were used to measure the right ventricular end-diastolic diameter（RVEDD），right ventricular end-diastolic area（RVEDA），tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion（TAPSE）during systole，and the right ventricular fractional area change（RVFAC）was calculated. The correlations between the above parameters and ultrasound gestational age（USGA）were analyzed. Moreover，percentile growth curves for each parameter were plotted. With the above parameters as dependent variables and the USGA as the independent variable，a Z-score model was established through regression analysis.（2）A stratified sampling method was adopted to select 30 fetuses diagnosed with hypoplastic right heart syndrome（HRHS）and 30 fetuses diagnosed with pulmonary stenosis（PS）during the same period as the case group. The model was verified，and the morphological and functional characteristics of the right ventricle were analyzed. Results:The data of RVEDD，RVEDA，TAPSE，and RVFAC in normal fetuses showed a skewed distribution. Each parameter showed good linear correlations with USGA（ r=0.836，0.834，0.846，0.242；all P<0.001）. The constructed percentile curves for each parameter indicated that RVEDD，RVEDA and TAPSE increased significantly with the growth of USGA，while RVFAC showed a slow downward trend. All parameters in the HRHS group and TAPSE and RVFAC in the PS group deviated significantly from the normal reference range（all P<0.001）. Conclusions:By analyzing RVEDD，RVEDA，TAPSE and RVFAC of normal fetuses，the percentile and Z-score normal reference value models of multiple parameters of fetal right ventricular size and function have been established，providing corresponding standards for quantitative analysis.

Esophageal cancer is one of the global public health problems, which is a serious threat to life and health. Screening is not only an important main measures to reduce the incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer, but also an effective strategy for early prevention and early treatment. There are significant differences in the screening status of esophageal adenocarcinoma and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cancer between China and abroad. Internationally, there are several guidelines for screening and monitoring of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma, but most guidelines do not recommend screening in the general population. The primary screening by sponge ball then endoscopic diagnosis is a new focus. In China, the screening of esophageal cancer and its precancerous lesions is mainly esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, which has been relatively mature and gradually transformed from population screening to opportunistic screening. However, due to the high cost, high technical difficulty and certain invasiveness, it is difficult to popularize and be applied widely; and the canceration rate of precancerous lesions is low, so it is very important to control the cost of screening and scientific follow-up. Moreover, high-risk population should raise their awareness of cancer prevention, actively take primary prevention and the initiative to participate in screening. About medicine institutions, it is urgent to improve the awareness and capacity of early screening. The multi-disciplinary research cooperation, minimally invasive, simple and economical screening methods and multi-omics biomarkers are still explored to detect and concentrate high-risk populations, which will help to optimize screening programs of esophageal cancer and further reduce the incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer.

Objective:To observe the recurrence condition of hepatitis B in different risk groups after liver transplantation in an attempt to provide useful information on whether to discontinue hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) in the future at an early stage.Methods:The patient population was divided into high, low-risk, and special groups [especially primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)] according to the guidelines for the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B recurrence after liver transplantation. The recurrence condition and risk factors in this population were observed for hepatitis B. Measurement data were analyzed using a t-test and a rank-sum test. Count data were compared using a χ2 test between groups. Results:This study finally included 532 hepatitis B-related liver transplant cases. A total of 35 cases had HBV recurrence after liver transplantation, including 34 cases that were HBsAg positive, one case that was HBsAg negative, and 10 cases that were hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA positive. The overall HBV recurrence rate was 6.6%. The recurrence rate of HBV was 9.2% and 4.8% in the high- and low-risk HBV DNA positive and negative groups before surgery ( P = 0.057). Among the 293 cases diagnosed with HCC before liver transplantation, 30 had hepatitis B recurrence after surgery, with a recurrence rate of 10.2%. The independent related factors for the recurrence of hepatitis B in patients with HCC after liver transplantation were HCC recurrence ( HR =181.92, 95% CI 15.99~2 069.96, P < 0.001), a high postoperative dose of mycophenolate mofetil dispersible tablets (MMF) ( HR =5.190, 95% CI 1.289~20.889, P = 0.020), and a high dosage of HBIG ( HR = 1.012, 95% CI 1.001~1.023, P = 0.035). Among the 239 cases who were non-HCC before liver transplantation, five cases (recurrence rate of 2.1%) arouse postoperative hepatitis B recurrence. Lamivudine was used in all cases, combined with on-demand HBIG prophylaxis after surgery. There was no hepatitis B recurrence in non-HCC patients who treated with entecavir combined with HBIG after surgery. Conclusion:High-barrier-to-resistance nucleotide analogues combined with long-term HBIG have a good effect on preventing the recurrence of hepatitis B after liver transplantation. The discontinuation of HBIG may be considered at an early stage after administration of a high-barrier-to-resistance nucleotide analogue in low-risk patients. Domestically, the HBV infection rate is high, so further research is still required to explore the timing of HBIG discontinuation for high-risk patients, especially those with HCC.