ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of phases on the pharmacokinetic behavior of seven components from Banxia Xiexintang（BXT） in normal rats by investigating and comparing their pharmacokinetic profiles in different phase samples. MethodsThe phase separation of BXT was carried out by centrifugation-dialysis method， and three phase samples were obtained， including the precipitated phase（PP）， colloidal phase（CP） and true solution phase（TP）. A total of 24 male SD rats were randomly divided into BXT， PP， CP and TP groups（n=6）. The BXT group was gavaged at a dose of 24.1 g·kg^-1（calculated by the dosage of raw materials）. After proper treatments， PP， CP and TP groups were administrated at the same dose as that of BXT group， respectively. Blood was collected from each group at set time points after gavage of BXT and the phase samples. The contents of 7 components（baicalin， wogonoside， wogonin， berberine， palmatine， ammonium glycyrrhizinate and isoliquiritin） in rat plasma were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry（UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS）， and the pharmacokinetic parameters of each component were analyzed by DAS 2.0. ResultsThe peak concentration of baicalin was the highest among the blood-entered components in each group， followed by wogonoside. The results of the concentration-time curves and pharmacokinetic parameters of the 7 components showed that the area under the concentration-time curve（AUC） of isoliquiritin in the BXT group was the highest， followed by that in the CP group. AUC values of baicalin， wogonoside， wogonin and ammonium glycyrrhizinate in the BXT group were similar to those of the CP group， and AUC of palmatine in the BXT group was similar to that of the PP group. The elimination half-life（t_1/2） values of baicalin and wogonoside in the BXT group was the longest， the t_1/2 values of ammonium glycyrrhizinate and berberine were similar to those of the CP group， and the t_1/2 of palmatine was similar to that of the PP group. The t_1/2 of wogonin was the longest in the PP group， and the t_1/2 of isoliquiritin was the longest in the TP group was the longest， which was similar to that in the PP group. Except for isoliquiritin， the other 6 components showed double peaks in the concentration-time curve of the PP group， indicating that the above components might be reabsorbed through the enterohepatic circulation in vivo， which resulted in the maintenance of high plasma concentrations for a long time， and consequently exhibited sustained-release properties. ConclusionThe pharmacokinetic characteristics of the components in different phases were different， and the CP phase may be the effective phase from the perspective of the pharmacological action of BXT. Compared with the BXT group， the in vivo action times of some components in the CP and PP groups were prolonged. The study explores the phase differences of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） compound decoction in the aspect of pharmacokinetics， and verifies that the phase states from TCM compound decoction will affect the pharmacokinetic behaviors of the active components， which may consequently lead to the difference in in vivo effects.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of phases on the pharmacokinetic behavior of seven components from Banxia Xiexintang（BXT） in normal rats by investigating and comparing their pharmacokinetic profiles in different phase samples. MethodsThe phase separation of BXT was carried out by centrifugation-dialysis method， and three phase samples were obtained， including the precipitated phase（PP）， colloidal phase（CP） and true solution phase（TP）. A total of 24 male SD rats were randomly divided into BXT， PP， CP and TP groups（n=6）. The BXT group was gavaged at a dose of 24.1 g·kg^-1（calculated by the dosage of raw materials）. After proper treatments， PP， CP and TP groups were administrated at the same dose as that of BXT group， respectively. Blood was collected from each group at set time points after gavage of BXT and the phase samples. The contents of 7 components（baicalin， wogonoside， wogonin， berberine， palmatine， ammonium glycyrrhizinate and isoliquiritin） in rat plasma were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry（UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS）， and the pharmacokinetic parameters of each component were analyzed by DAS 2.0. ResultsThe peak concentration of baicalin was the highest among the blood-entered components in each group， followed by wogonoside. The results of the concentration-time curves and pharmacokinetic parameters of the 7 components showed that the area under the concentration-time curve（AUC） of isoliquiritin in the BXT group was the highest， followed by that in the CP group. AUC values of baicalin， wogonoside， wogonin and ammonium glycyrrhizinate in the BXT group were similar to those of the CP group， and AUC of palmatine in the BXT group was similar to that of the PP group. The elimination half-life（t_1/2） values of baicalin and wogonoside in the BXT group was the longest， the t_1/2 values of ammonium glycyrrhizinate and berberine were similar to those of the CP group， and the t_1/2 of palmatine was similar to that of the PP group. The t_1/2 of wogonin was the longest in the PP group， and the t_1/2 of isoliquiritin was the longest in the TP group was the longest， which was similar to that in the PP group. Except for isoliquiritin， the other 6 components showed double peaks in the concentration-time curve of the PP group， indicating that the above components might be reabsorbed through the enterohepatic circulation in vivo， which resulted in the maintenance of high plasma concentrations for a long time， and consequently exhibited sustained-release properties. ConclusionThe pharmacokinetic characteristics of the components in different phases were different， and the CP phase may be the effective phase from the perspective of the pharmacological action of BXT. Compared with the BXT group， the in vivo action times of some components in the CP and PP groups were prolonged. The study explores the phase differences of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） compound decoction in the aspect of pharmacokinetics， and verifies that the phase states from TCM compound decoction will affect the pharmacokinetic behaviors of the active components， which may consequently lead to the difference in in vivo effects.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism of ferroptosis mediated by long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4 （ACSL4） signalling pathway in rats with coronary heart disease with blood stasis syndrome and the intervention effect of Xuefu Zhuyutang. MethodsSPF male SD rats were randomly divided into normal group， sham-operation group， model group， trimetazidine group （5.4 mg·kg^-1）， low-， medium-， and high-dose group （3.51， 7.02，14.04 g·kg^-1） of Xuefu Zhuyutang. The coronary artery left anterior descending ligation method was used to prepare a model of coronary heart disease with blood stasis syndrome， and continuous treatment for 7 d was conducted， while the sham-operation group was only threaded and not ligated. The general macroscopic symptoms of the rats were observed， and indicators such as electrocardiogram， echocardiography， and blood rheology were detected. The pathological morphology of myocardial tissue was observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining， and the changes in mitochondria in myocardial tissue were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The level of iron deposition in myocardial tissue was observed by Prussian blue staining. The levels of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid （12-HETE） and 15-HETE were detected in serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A biochemical colourimetric assay was used to detect the levels of Fe²⁺， lipid peroxidation （LPO）， glutathione （GSH）， and T-GSH/glutathione disulfide （GSSG） in myocardial tissue. DCFH-DA fluorescence quantitative assay was employed to detect the levels of reactive oxygen species （ROS）. Western blot and Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was adopted to detect the protein and mRNA expressions of glutathione peroxidase 4 （GPX4）， ferritin heavy chain 1 （FTH1）， ACSL4， and ly-sophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase3 （LPCAT3） in myocardial tissue. ResultsCompared with those in the normal group， the rats in the model group were poor in general macroscopic symptoms. The electrocardiogram showed widened QRS wave amplitude and increased voltage， bow-back elevation of the ST segments， elevated T waves， J-point elevation， and accelerated heart rate. Echocardiography showed a significant reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF） and left ventricular fraction shortening （LVFS） （P<0.01）. Blood rheology showed that the viscosity of the whole blood （low， medium， and high rate of shear） was significantly increased （P<0.01）. HE staining showed an abnormal structure of myocardial tissue. There was a large area of myocardial necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration and a large number of connective tissue between myocardial fibers. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the mitochondria were severely atrophy or swelling. The cristae were reduced or even broken， and the matrix was flocculent or even vacuolated. Prussian blue staining showed that there were a large number of iron-containing particles， and the iron deposition was obvious. The content of 12-HETE and 15-HETE in the serum was significantly increased （P<0.01）. The content of Fe²⁺， LPO， and ROS in myocardial tissue was significantly increased （P<0.01）. The content of GSH was significantly decreased （P<0.01）， and T-GSH/GSSG was decreased （P<0.01）. The protein and mRNA expressions of GPX4 and FTH1 in myocardial tissue were both significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while those of ACSL4 and LPCAT3 increased significantly （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the general macroscopic symptoms and electrocardiogram results of rats in low-， medium- and high-dose groups of Xuefu Zhuyutang were alleviated， and the differences in LVEF/LVFS ratios were all significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The differences in whole-blood viscosity （low， medium， and high rate of shear） were all significantly decreased （P<0.01）. The results of HE staining and transmission electron microscopy showed that the morphology， structure， and mitochondria of cardiomyocytes were improved. The content of 12-HETE and 15-HETE in serum was reduced to different degrees in low-， medium-， and high-dose groups of Xuefu Zhuyutang （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The content of Fe²⁺， LPO， and ROS was significantly reduced in the medium- and high-dose groups of Xuefu Zhuyutang （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the content of GSH and T-GSH/GSSG was significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The protein and mRNA expressions of GPX4 and FTH1 were significantly increased to varying degrees in the medium- and high-dose groups of Xuefu Zhuyutang （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and ACSL4 and LPCAT3 were decreased to different degrees in the low-， medium-， and high-dose groups of Xuefu Zhuyutang （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionXuefu Zhuyutang can regulate iron metabolism and anti-lipid oxidation reaction to mediate ferroptosis through the ACSL4 signalling pathway， thus exerting a protective effect on rats with coronary heart disease with blood stasis syndrome.

Objective To investigate the effects and mechanism of Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction in oxidative stress in coronary heart disease model rats with heart blood stasis syndrome based on Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway.Methods The rats were divided into normal group,sham-operation group,model group,Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction group and trimetazidine group.The rat model of coronary heart disease with heart blood stasis syndrome was established by ligation of the left anterior descending branch of the coronary artery.Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction group and trimetazidine group were administrated with the corresponding drugs at the dosages of 14.04 g/kg and 5.4 mg/kg,respectively,and normal group,sham-operation group and model group were administrated with the same volume of normal saline for 14 days.The general state of rats was observed,body mass was recorded and electrocardiogram was collected.Echocardiography was used to examine cardiac functions(LVEF,LVFS,LVIDd,LVIDs);the morphology of myocardial tissue was observed by HE staining,serum malondialdehyde(MDA),superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)and total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)were detected by ELISA,the positive expressions of Keap1,Nrf2,HO-1 and NQO1 in myocardial tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry.Results Compared with the normal group and sham-operation group,the rats in the model group showed signs of mental fatigue,reduced activity,dull fur,purple claws,and a significant decrease in body mass(P<0.01);the ST segment in lead Ⅱ of the electrocardiogram was significantly elevated,LVEF and LVFS were significantly reduced,and LVIDd and LVIDs significantly increased(P<0.01),with severe degeneration and necrosis of myocardial cells,disappearance of striated structures,disordered arrangement of myocardial fibers,infiltration of inflammatory cells;the serum MDA content significantly increased,while the activities of SOD,GSH-Px and T-AOC significantly decreased(P<0.01);the positive expressions of Keap1 and Nrf2 in myocardial tissue significantly increased,while the positive expression of HO-1 and NQO1 significantly decreased(P<0.01).Compared with the model group,the rats in Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction group and trimetazidine group showed improvement in their mental state,increased activity,shiny fur,rosy nails,and significantly increased body mass(P<0.01);the ST segment of the electrocardiogram decreased to varying degrees,with significant increases in LVEF and LVFS,and significant decreases in LVIDd and LVIDs(P<0.01);a large number of myocardial cells survived,the arrangement of myocardial fibers was relatively regular,and the infiltration of inflammatory cells was significantly reduced;the serum MDA content was significantly reduced,while the activities of SOD,GSH-Px and T-AOC significantly increased(P<0.01);the positive expression of Keap1 in myocardial tissue significantly decreased,while the positive expressions of Nrf2,HO-1 and NQO1 significantly increased(P<0.01).Conclusion Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction may inhibit oxidative stress by activating Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway to improve the pathological morphology and structural damage of myocardial tissue and promote the recovery of cardiac functions in rats with heart blood stasis syndrome of coronary heart disease.

Objective To investigate the effects and mechanism of Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction in oxidative stress in coronary heart disease model rats with heart blood stasis syndrome based on Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway.Methods The rats were divided into normal group,sham-operation group,model group,Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction group and trimetazidine group.The rat model of coronary heart disease with heart blood stasis syndrome was established by ligation of the left anterior descending branch of the coronary artery.Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction group and trimetazidine group were administrated with the corresponding drugs at the dosages of 14.04 g/kg and 5.4 mg/kg,respectively,and normal group,sham-operation group and model group were administrated with the same volume of normal saline for 14 days.The general state of rats was observed,body mass was recorded and electrocardiogram was collected.Echocardiography was used to examine cardiac functions(LVEF,LVFS,LVIDd,LVIDs);the morphology of myocardial tissue was observed by HE staining,serum malondialdehyde(MDA),superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)and total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)were detected by ELISA,the positive expressions of Keap1,Nrf2,HO-1 and NQO1 in myocardial tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry.Results Compared with the normal group and sham-operation group,the rats in the model group showed signs of mental fatigue,reduced activity,dull fur,purple claws,and a significant decrease in body mass(P<0.01);the ST segment in lead Ⅱ of the electrocardiogram was significantly elevated,LVEF and LVFS were significantly reduced,and LVIDd and LVIDs significantly increased(P<0.01),with severe degeneration and necrosis of myocardial cells,disappearance of striated structures,disordered arrangement of myocardial fibers,infiltration of inflammatory cells;the serum MDA content significantly increased,while the activities of SOD,GSH-Px and T-AOC significantly decreased(P<0.01);the positive expressions of Keap1 and Nrf2 in myocardial tissue significantly increased,while the positive expression of HO-1 and NQO1 significantly decreased(P<0.01).Compared with the model group,the rats in Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction group and trimetazidine group showed improvement in their mental state,increased activity,shiny fur,rosy nails,and significantly increased body mass(P<0.01);the ST segment of the electrocardiogram decreased to varying degrees,with significant increases in LVEF and LVFS,and significant decreases in LVIDd and LVIDs(P<0.01);a large number of myocardial cells survived,the arrangement of myocardial fibers was relatively regular,and the infiltration of inflammatory cells was significantly reduced;the serum MDA content was significantly reduced,while the activities of SOD,GSH-Px and T-AOC significantly increased(P<0.01);the positive expression of Keap1 in myocardial tissue significantly decreased,while the positive expressions of Nrf2,HO-1 and NQO1 significantly increased(P<0.01).Conclusion Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction may inhibit oxidative stress by activating Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway to improve the pathological morphology and structural damage of myocardial tissue and promote the recovery of cardiac functions in rats with heart blood stasis syndrome of coronary heart disease.

Objective:To investigate the association of the difference between 2-hour postprandial blood glucose and fasting blood glucose with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes(T2DM).Methods:A total of 953 patients aged≥65 years with T2DM hospitalized in the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital from January 2007 to June 2009, with complete clinical data, were selected in this retrospective study.The absolute value of the difference between 2-hour postprandial blood glucose and fasting blood glucose was recorded as the blood glucose difference.According to the tertiles of the blood glucose difference, patients were divided into three groups including the first tertile(n=317, blood glucose difference<4.12 mmol/L), the second tertile(n=320, blood glucose difference between 4.12-7.69 mmol/L), and the third tertile(n=316, blood glucose difference≥7.69 mmol/L). Detailed clinical data of the patients were collected, and clinical characteristics and the prevalence of NAFLD were compared among the three groups.The correlation between the blood glucose difference and NAFLD was analyzed.Results:From the first tertile to the third tertile, there appeared to be increased proportions of patients using metformin( χ2=9.581, P=0.008), higher waist-to-hip ratios( F=3.663, P=0.026), increased 24 h uric acid excretion( χ2=6.241, P=0.044), increased alanine aminotransferase levels( χ2=22.361, P<0.001), increased γ-glutamyl transpeptidase levels( χ2=17.681, P<0.001)and increased 2h postprandial blood glucose levels( χ2=579.315, P<0.001), with significant statistical differences in the waist circumference( F=4.723, P=0.009), body mass index( F=5.811, P=0.003), fasting C-peptide levels( χ2=9.442, P=0.009), 2h postprandial C-peptide levels( χ2=17.599, P<0.001)and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c( F=30.836, P<0.001)between the three groups and the prevalence of NAFLD also grew steadily(24.0%, n=76 vs. 33.1%, n=107 vs. 36.7%, n=116, χ2=12.712, P<0.01). After adjusting for other variables, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the blood glucose difference was correlated with NAFLD in elderly patients with T2DM( OR=1.396, Wald χ2=0.002, P<0.01). Conclusions:Elderly T2DM patients with greater blood glucose differences have more severe metabolic disorders and a higher prevalence of NAFLD.An increase in blood glucose differences is an independent risk factor for NAFLD in elderly T2DM patients.

Objective:To explore the effects of two dimensional gray-scale blood flow imaging (hereinafter referred to as " B-flow" ) combined with color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) in guiding arterial puncture and catheterization through wounds in patients with large burns.Methods:Sixty-seven patients with large burns who met the inclusion criteria and hospitalized in the First Hospital of Jilin University from January 2017 to January 2019 were enrolled in the prospectively randomized control study. According to the random number table, CDFI alone group was allocated with 35 patients (23 males and 12 females) and B-flow+ CDFI group with 32 patients (22 males and 10 females), aged 19-60 and 18-58 years, respectively. According to the progress of the disease, arterial puncture and catheterization were performed in the right time. During the operation, CDFI was used alone for guidance in patients of CDFI alone group, while B-flow and CDFI were used together for guidance in patients of B-flow+ CDIF group. Based on the first time of catheterization, the catheterization location, one-time catheterization success rate, post-back stitching re-catheterization success rate, catheterization failure rate, catheterization duration, and incidences of wound sepsis, catheter-related bloodstream infection, and arterial thrombosis within post catheterization day (PCD) 3 of patients in the two groups were recorded. Data were statistically analyzed with the independent-sample t test, chi-square test or Fisher′s exact probability test. Results:(1) All the patients underwent catheterization through wounds, and there was no statistically significant difference in catheterization location of patients between the two groups ( χ2=0.574, P>0.05). The one-time catheterization success rate of patients in B-flow+ CDFI group was 81.25% (26/32), which was obviously higher than 51.43% (18/35) in CDFI alone group ( χ2=6.594, P<0.05). The catheterization failure rate of patients in B-flow+ CDFI group was 3.12% (1/32), which was obviously lower than 20.00% (7/35) in CDFI alone group ( P<0.05). The post-back stitching re-catheterization success rate of patients was similar between the two groups ( χ2=1.029, P>0.05). (3) The catheterization duration of patients was (15.7±1.1) min in B-flow+ CDFI group, which was obviously shorter than (17.1±2.2) min in CDFI alone group ( t=11.316, P<0.01). (4) Within PCD 3, the incidences of wound sepsis and catheter-related bloodstream infection of patients in CDFI alone group were 2.86% (1/35) and 0, close to 0 and 3.12% (1/32) in B-flow+ CDFI group ( P>0.05); the incidence of arterial thrombosis of patients in B-flow+ CDFI group was 0, which was obviously lower than 20.00% (7/35) in CDFI alone group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Compared with CDFI alone, B-flow combined with CDFI can improve the success rate of arterial puncture and catheterization through wounds in large area burn patients, shorten the catheterization duration, and effectively reduce the incidence of arterial thrombosis after catheterization, with a good clinical application value.

Tooth bleaching agents contain powerful oxidizing agents, which serve as the main part of bleaching agents because of its release of effective bleaching component. It has been a hot topic whether tooth bleaching agents exert negative influence on oral health. In order to provide train of thoughts and reference for further clinical researches and treatments, this review paper focuses on bleaching agents' effects on the growth of oral microbes and the formation of biofilms.
Bacteria ; drug effects ; growth & development ; Biofilms ; drug effects ; growth & development ; Humans ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; Mouth ; microbiology ; Oral Health ; Oxidants ; pharmacology ; Tooth Bleaching ; Tooth Bleaching Agents ; pharmacology

Objective To evaluate the influence of handshake and consolation combined with breathing direction on the pain during dressing changes for the burn patients.Methods 64 patients were randomly divided into the experimental groups and the control groups according to their time of hospitalization,with 32 cases in each group.Patients in the experimental group were given the handshake and consolation combined with breathing direction during the dressing changes,while the control group was given routine care.Two groups used the same dressing method by the same physician,and cared by the same nurse before and after dressing.Pain scores (visual analogue scale VAS) were compared between the two groups before and after dressing changes.Results Before dressing,the pain scores of patients in the two groups were respectively (3.79 ± 2.27) and (3.85 ± 2.46),and there was no significant difference (t =0.147,P ＞ 0.05).After dressing,the pain scores of the experimental and the control groups were respectively (2.17 ± 1.53)and(4.30 ± 2.98),and the difference was statistically significant (t =6.796,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions The handshake and consolation combined with breathing direction can effectively ease pain in the burns patients during dressing changes.

Objective To study the set-up accuracy in radiotherapy of thoracic neoplasms by improving the body immobilization method.Methods Fifty patients with thoracic neoplasms were randomly divided into conventional group (without electrode paste) and improved group (with electrode paste).Using simulator for position calibration and center field digital image reconstruction from treatment planning system.Then compare the set-up accuracy of two groups with different body methods by grouped t-test.Results Set-up error in the left-right,superior-inferior,anterior-posterior direction were 2.5 ± 1.5 and 2.4 ± 1.4(P =0.010),4.4 ± 2.0 and 2.2 ± 1.2 (P =0.000),2.2 ± 1.3 and 2.1 ± 1.0 (P =0.100) in conventional group and improved group,respectively.Conclusions The improved body immobilization method improves setup accuracy in radiotherapy for thoracic neoplasms which also will be effective for clinical treatment.