Animal experiments are essential tools in biomedical research, serving as a bridge between basic research and clinical trials. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SRs/MAs) of animal experiments are crucial methods for integrating evidence from animal experiment, which can facilitate the translation of findings into clinical research, reduce translational risks, and promote resource integration in basic research. With the continuous development of the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology, its application in SRs/MAs of animal experiments has gained increasing attention. This article first outlines the principles and specific applications of the GRADE methodology in SRs/MAs of animal experiments, including qualitative descriptive systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and network meta-analyses. It then deeply analyzes the misuse of the GRADE methodology in practice, including incorrect evidence grading, improper classification of evidence, misapplication in qualitative systematic reviews, inconsistencies between the documentation of the upgrading and downgrading process and results, and inappropriate use for making recommendations. Furthermore, this article comprehensively discusses the factors influencing the grading of evidence certainty in SRs/MAs of animal experiments, including the impact of bias risk, indirectness, inconsistency, imprecision, and publication bias on evidence downgrading, as well as the role of large effect sizes and cross-species consistency in evidence upgrading. Finally, in response to the issues discussed, improvement strategies are proposed, including further research and optimization of the GRADE methodology for SRs/MAs of animal experiments, the development of reporting guidelines tailored to the characteristics of SRs/MAs in animal experiment research, and enhanced professional training for researchers in the GRADE methodology. This article aims to improve the quality of evidence in SRs/MAs of animal experiments, strengthen their reliability in clinical decision-making, and promote the more efficient translation of findings from animal experiment research into clinical practice.

OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of superoxide dismutase （SOD） administration on the malignant behavior of PLC/PRF/5 liver cancer cells， and analyze the correlation between SOD and alpha-fetoprotein （AFP） expression， to provide new ideas for targeting AFP with SOD as a drug for hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS Normal human liver cells L-02， AFP- negative human liver cancer cells HLE， and AFP-positive human liver cancer cells PLC/PRF/5 were used as experimental cells. Western blot assay and SOD activity detection kit were used to detect the expression of AFP， SOD and activity of SOD in cells before and after changing AFP expression； the effects of different concentrations of SOD [0 （control）， 0.188， 0.375， 0.75， 1.5， 3 U/mL] administration on the migration and proliferation of PLC/PRF/5 cells were detected using cell scratch assay and CCK-8 assay. The effects of SOD overexpression on the expression of malignant biological behavior-related proteins AFP and sarcoma virus protein （Src） in PLC/PRF/5 cells were detected using Western blot. RESULTS Compared with L-02 group and HLE group， the expression levels of SOD1 and SOD2， and SOD activity in PLC/PRF/5 cells were significantly reduced （P＜0.05）. After down-regulating AFP expression in PLC/PRF/ 5 cells， compared with PLC/PRF/5 group， the expression levels of SOD1 and SOD2， as well as SOD activity， were significantly increased in the PLC/PRF/5-shAFP group （low-expression） （P＜0.05）. After 48 hours of SOD treatment， compared with control group， the scratch healing rates of PLC/PRF/5 cells in the 0.375， 0.75， 1.5 and 3 U/mL SOD groups were significantly reduced （P＜0.05）； after 72 hours of SOD treatment， compared with control group， the scratch healing rates of PLC/PRF/5 cells in the 0.375， 0.75， and 1.5 U/mL SOD groups were significantly reduced （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared with control group， proliferation rates of PLC/PRF/5 cells were significantly reduced in the 0.375， 0.75， 1.5 and 3 U/mL SOD groups （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared with the PLC/PRF/5 group before up-regulating SOD1 and SOD2 expression， the expression levels of AFP and Src in the PLC/PRF/5-oeSOD1 and PLC/PRF/5-oeSOD2 groups （over-expression） after up-regulating SOD1 and SOD2 expression were significantly reduced （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS A certain concentration of SOD can inhibit malignant behavior such as migration and proliferation of PLC/PRF/5 cells， and the expression level and activity of SOD are negatively correlated with AFP.

OBJECTIVE To provide reference for optimizing or formulating unified evaluation methods for evidence and recommendation in expert consensus on off-label use of drugs. METHODS Retrieved from CNKI， Wanfang data， VIP， CBM， PubMed and Web of Science， Chinese expert consensuses on off-label use of drugs involving evaluation methods for evidence and recommendations were collected from the inception to August 1， 2024. After screening the literature and extracting relevant data， descriptive statistical analysis was conducted. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS Among the 32 articles included， 14 articles （43.8%） used Micromedex’s Thomson grading system， only 7 articles （21.9%） considered economic factors when forming recommendations， 10 articles （31.3%） reported the conflicts of interest； only 2 articles （6.3%） involved experts in the field of evidence-based medicine methodology. There were differences in the sources of evidence， factors considered in forming recommendations， and the grading standards for evidence and recommendations among different expert consensus evidence evaluation methods. There were also differences in evidence levels and recommendation strength of the same drug off-label use in different expert consensus. It is recommended that in future consensus-building processes， greater attention should be paid to potential conflicts of interest among participants， collaboration with methodological experts should be enhanced， and efforts should be expedited to establish unified standards for evaluating evidence and recommendation methodologies.

At present, there is no effective drug treatment for obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). It is usually treated by mechanical ventilation through a ventilator. In this paper, a non-invasive bi-level breathing therapy system suitable for home scenarios is developed. The system supports single-level and bi-level positive airway pressure therapies, and introduces the function of inspiratory synchronous trigger based on flow monitoring to enhance the synchrony of patient-ventilator synchronization. The test results show that the performance indicators of the system meet expectations. Each ventilation mode can operate normally and can meet the requirements for the use of home non-invasive ventilators.
Humans ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/therapy* ; Equipment Design ; Noninvasive Ventilation/instrumentation* ; Respiration, Artificial

OBJECTIVE:Prolonged sedentary behavior can acutely reduce peripheral and central vascular function,thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.Interrupting sedentary behavior may be a potential practical strategy to prevent vascular dysfunction caused by prolonged sitting.However,current research findings on its acute effects are inconsistent,and specific application recommendations have not yet been established.This study aims to perform a Meta-analysis on the acute effects of interrupting sedentary behavior on peripheral and central vascular function in adults and to explore its regulatory factors.METHODS:Following PRISMA reporting guidelines,literature search was conducted in March 2024 using the keywords of"interrupting,""sedentary,"and"vascular function"in the Web of Science Core Collection,PubMed,and China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI)databases.Acute randomized crossover trials addressing the acute effects of interrupting sedentary behavior on peripheral and central vascular function in adults were included.Risk of Bias 2 developed by Cochrane was used to assess bias risk,and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development,and Evaluation(GRADE)system was used to evaluate the evidence level.The"meta"and"metaphor"packages in R(version 4.2.0)were used for main effect aggregation(Hedge's g acted as the effect size indicator),publication bias testing,subgroup analysis,and regression analysis.RESULTS:Twenty-two randomized crossover trials involving 364 subjects(aged 21 to 70 years)were included.Meta-analysis results showed that compared with prolonged sitting,interrupting sedentary behavior acutely improved peripheral vascular blood flow volume(Hedge's g=0.48,95%confidence interval:0.14-0.82,P<0.01,I2=63%,low evidence level),shear stress(Hedge's g=0.65,95%confidence interval:0.37-0.93],P<0.01,I2=54%,moderate evidence level),and flow-mediated dilation(Hedge's g=0.43,95%confidence interval:0.15-0.72,P<0.01,I2=61%,moderate evidence level).Disease had a significant moderating effect on the main effect aggregation for blood flow volume(P=0.01 between subgroups),while the mode(P=0.01 between subgroups)and frequency(P=0.02 between subgroups)of interruptions had significant moderating effects on shear stress.Improvements in peripheral vascular shear stress from interrupting sedentary behavior were affected by age(β=-0.02,95%confidence interval:-0.03-0.01,P=0.09)and body mass index(β=-0.10,95%confidence interval:-0.18 to-0.02,P<0.01).Improvements in flow-mediated dilation were influenced by the total number of interruptions(β=-0.09,95%confidence interval:-0.17 to-0.01,P=0.03)and the duration of sitting during the control period(β=-0.21,95%confidence interval:-0.34 to-0.09,P<0.01).Each additional hour of sitting was associated with a 0.67%reduction in the acute improvement effect of flow-mediated dilation from interrupting sedentary behavior(P<0.01),and acute benefits disappeared when sitting control time exceeded 6 hours.A qualitative systematic review found that interrupting sedentary behavior did not significantly affect pulse wave velocity in various populations but could effectively prevent central vascular function decline in older adults due to prolonged sitting.CONCLUSION:Interrupting sedentary behavior acutely improves peripheral vascular blood flow volume(low evidence level),shear stress(moderate evidence level),and flow-mediated dilation(moderate evidence level)in adults and may prevent or protect against central vascular function decline in older adults due to prolonged sitting(very low evidence level).Characteristics of subjects(disease factors,sex,age,and body mass index),interruption intervention schemes(mode,frequency,total number of interruptions),and duration of sitting control all influence the acute improvement effects of interrupting sedentary behavior on vascular function.It is recommended that adults interrupt sedentary behavior with exercises involving large muscle groups,such as stair climbing,at high frequencies(e.g.,once every 40 minutes)with at least 5 minutes of moderate-to low-intensity activity each time,and limit the cumulative duration of prolonged sitting to no more than 6 hours per day.

Objective To compare the effects of stereotactic endoscopic hematoma evacuation on elderly patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.Methods A total of 220 patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in the basal ganglion admitted to our hospital from January 2020 to December 2023 were retrospectively recruited.According to their surgical treat-ment,they were divided into an observation group(stereotactic endoscopic hematoma evacuation,n=100)and a control group(craniotomy hematoma removal surgery,n=120).Postoperative recovery was observed and compared between the two groups.Results There was no significant difference in operation time between the observation group and the control group(94.56±14.75 min vs 94.03±14.50 min,t=0.268,P=0.789).No statistical differences were observed in the NIHSS score before operation between the two groups(P=0.058),but the observation group obtained significantly lower NIHSS scores in 3 and 6 months after surgery(5.90±4.02 vs 9.23±3.47,P=0.000;4.54±2.56 vs 6.50±3.07,P=0.000).There were no significant differences in GOS score and incidence of postoperative complications between the two groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion Stereotactic endoscopic hematoma evacuation can improve postoperative neurological function in patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in the basal ganglia region.

Objective To conduct preliminary evaluation of the reliability and safety of pancreatic duct-to-jejunum stent-bridging internal drainage as a supplementary approach to pancreaticojejunostomy in central pancreatectomy.Methods The clinical data of 28 patients who underwent robotic central pancreatectomy performed by our team between January 2021 and November 2024 were retrospectively collected,and and follow-up of postoperative endocrine and exocrine functions was performed.Based on the methods of digestive tract reconstruction adopted,the patients were divided into a conventional pancreaticojejunostomy group and a pancreatic duct-to-jejunum stent-bridging internal drainage group(PancreaticoJejunal-Stent bridge group).The operative time,digestive tract reconstruction time,and short-term complications were compared between the two groups.Results Among patients undergoing robotic central pancreatectomy,the digestive tract reconstruction time was shorter(t=5.168,P<0.001)in the PancreaticoJejunal-Stent bridge group([31.1±6.3]min)than that in the conventional pancreaticojejunostomy group([49.7±8.9]min)(t=5.168,P<0.001).The total operative time was(172.7±64.6)min in the PancreaticoJejunal-Stent bridge group and(200.1±52.7)min in the conventional pancreaticojejunostomy group,showing no statistically significant difference(t=1.215,P=0.235).In the PancreaticoJejunal-Stent bridge group,one patient developed a postoperative biochemical fistula,and 14 patients developed grade B pancreatic fistulas.Among the 14 patients with grade B pancreatic fistulas,1 case was complicated by fistula-related intra-abdominal infection,and 13 cases had drainage tube retention time of more than 21 days.In the conventional pancreaticojejunostomy group,2 patients developed postoperative biochemical fistulas,and 11 patients developed grade B pancreatic fistulas.Among the 11 patients with grade B pancreatic fistulas,1 case was complicated by fistula-related intra-abdominal infection,and 1 case was complicated by fistula-related intra-abdominal bleeding and infection.No postoperative gastroparesis,pancreatitis,or grade C pancreatic fistulas occurred in either group.There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in overall postoperative complication rate(P=0.522),postoperative pancreatic fistula rate(P=0.583),intra-abdominal infection rate(P=0.583),or bleeding rate(P=0.464).Conclusion Pancreatic duct-to-jejunum stent-bridging internal drainage optimizes the anastomosis between the distal end of the pancreas and the jejunum during central pancreatectomy,shortens digestive tract reconstruction time,and reduces surgical complexity without increasing the risk of short-term severe postoperative complications.This approach is safe and feasible.

Objective:To study the whole-brain distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP)-positive neurons in the mouse brain and provide assistance for anatomical and functional studies of VIP neurons.Methods:VIP-Cre::Ai47 mice were used to label VIP neurons in the whole brain.Then,fluorescent imaging of the whole brain slices from VIP-Cre::Ai47 mice was calibrated using the standard brain map.Finally,the distribution density of VIP-positive neurons in different regions of the whole brain was statistically analyzed.Results:The overall distribution densities of VIP neurons in the cortex,olfactory bulb,and hippocampus were all greater than 5 neurons/mm2,and the distribution densities varied greatly in different subregions.The overall distribution density of VIP in the amygdala in the subcortical region was 4 neurons/mm2,and the distribution densities of VIP in the thalamus,hypothalamus,midbrain,and hind-brain regions were less than 2 neurons/mm2 on average,except for that in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus,where the density of VIP neuron distribution reached 20 neurons/mm2.Conclusion:VIP-positive neurons are mainly distributed in the cortex,hippocampus,and amygdala,which are highly associated with cognition and affection,and are rarely distributed in the thalamus and midbrain.These results suggest that VIP neurons play an essential role in emo-tional and cognitive functions.

Objective:To examine the validity and reliability of the Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Frustration Scale(BPNSFS)in the adult population.Methods:A total of 488 adults were recruited and random-ly divided into 2 groups.One half(n=244)was utilized for item analysis and exploratory factor analysis,while the other half(n=244)was reserved for confirmatory factor analysis.One month later,a convenient sample of 100 in-dividuals was selected for retesting.The Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale-21(DASS-21)and the Satisfaction with Life Scale(SWLS)were employed as criterion measures.Results:Both subscales of the BPNSFS demonstrated a 3-factor structure,explaining a total variance of 60.99％and 60.31％,respectively.The 3-factor model exhibited good fit indices(x2/df=1.85,2.47;RMSEA=0.06,0.08;CFI=0.95,0.94;TLI=0.94,0.92;SRMR=0.04,0.05).Scores on both subscales and their dimensions were significantly correlated with DASS-21 and SWLS scores(|r|=0.16-0.57,Ps＜0.001).The Cronbach α coefficients for the 2 subscales were 0.87 and 0.89,with Cronbach α values for each dimension ranging from 0.73 to 0.81.The test-retest reliabilities(ICC)for the 2 sub-scales were 0.84 and 0.80,with ICC values for each dimension ranging from 0.65 to 0.83.Conclusion:The validi-ty and reliability of the Chinese version of the Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Frustration Scale demon-strate good measurement properties in assessing the adult population.