Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, emphasizing the utmost importance of early diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and pro-gnostic assessment. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), as an innovative liquid biopsy biomarker, has demonstrated unique advantages in HCC management. The authors systematically summarized recent advances in the application of ctDNA for early diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and prognostic evaluation of HCC, focusing on its advantages and clinical application value in precision medicine.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, emphasizing the utmost importance of early diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and pro-gnostic assessment. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), as an innovative liquid biopsy biomarker, has demonstrated unique advantages in HCC management. The authors systematically summarized recent advances in the application of ctDNA for early diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and prognostic evaluation of HCC, focusing on its advantages and clinical application value in precision medicine.

In recent years， transcatheter arterial chemoembolization （TACE） has emerged as a common treatment modality for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）. However， with the ongoing development of embolic agent techniques， the new advances in microspheres and nanoparticles have brought new hope for improving the efficacy and safety of TACE. This article reviews the latest advances and applications of microspheres and nanoparticles in TACE for HCC. First， this article introduces the background of TACE as a therapeutic approach and the emergence of microsphere and nanoparticle techniques， and then it describes the application of various types of microspheres and nanoparticles in TACE and discusses the requisite attributes of an ideal embolic agents. The article focuses on the advances in material science and engineering， as well as the clinical efficacy of drug-eluting microspheres and nanoparticles versus conventional TACE. Furthermore， it discusses the importance of radiological examination in TACE and summarizes the research advances in the radiopaque and magnetic resonance-visible embolic agents. This article also explores the future development directions and challenges of TACE. It also points out the combination of microspheres and nanoparticles with other treatment modalities， the application of personalized and precision medicine in TACE， and the potential regimen of TACE in clinical translation， and meanwhile， it raises the issues of ethics and regulation that need to be further discussed. It is believed that microspheres and nanoparticles have a potential effect in TACE， which provides a theoretical basis and technical support for innovating HCC treatment regimens and improving the prognosis of patients through TACE interventions.

In the twentieth session of the National Clinical Oncology Conference and 2017 annual meeting of Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO),many progressions have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of primary liver cancer.(1) A preliminary report of the real world study of primary liver cancer in China was released.(2) Emerging diagnostic techniques and predictive models can detect preoperative liver cirrhosis and risk of postoperative liver failure in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).(3) Photodynamic diagnostic technology can ensure histological clearance with negative surgical margin and preserve as much liver parenchyma as possible.(4) Lenvatinib is expected to be the first-line targeted drug for the treatment of patients with unresectable HCC following sorafenib.(5) Immunotherapy with Nivolumab and Pembrolizumab is still a hot topic in the field of HCC management.(6) Though a vast heterogeneity of patterns of liver resection for HCC exists between two large centers from the East and the West,their surgical safety and long-term efficacy are actually comparable.(7) Routine lymphadenectomy,active surgical intervention for patients with late-stage tumors,ensuring the negative margins of resection and comprehensive treatment of postoperative recurrence are expected to improve the long-term outcomes of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC).

The three-dimensional organization and anastomoses of lymphatics in the rabbit stomach were demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy of lymphatic corrosion casts. Casting medium is the diluted low viscosity Mercox used for intraparenchymatous injection into the mucosal, submucosal, muscular and serous layers of the stomach. The lymphatic capillaries with blind ends were found in the deep mucosa and the lymphatic capillary networks and lymphatic plexus were observed in all the submucosal, muscular and serous layers. The distinct imprints which correspond to the bicuspid valves of lymphatics and the oval or fusiform impressions of the endothelial nuclei were seen on the casts.

30nm) accounted for 3.5% of these contacts. The mean maximum diameter of the vesicles was 49.4 nm, the volume density was 0.023 and profile density was 36. The distribution of the vesicles was as following: 29.1% opened onto or touched the abluminal membrane, 44,9% without visible connection to either surfaces, 26% opened onto or touched the luminal membrane. It was concluded that the mechanism of lymph formation in the stomach seems to be different from that of those organs such as heart, liver, kidney and thyroid. The present study suggested that the intercellular pathway may act as the primary route for lymph formation and macromolecule transportation, and the intracytoplasmic vesicular system may also play certain role in the transport of macromolecules.