Objective To investigate the distribution of dense fine speckled(DFS)antinuclear antibody(ANA)in different ages,genders,and diseases,and to explore its clinical significance in the diagnosis of auto-immune disease(AID).Methods A retrospective summary was conducted on the clinical basic data of 53520 patients who visited the hospital from January 2022 to April 2024,as well as the results of indirect immunoflu-orescence(IIF)ANA fluorescence karyotype and titer,and immunoblotting ANA spectrum,and the relation-ship between DFS positivity and AID was analyzed.Results Of the 53 520 serum samples,the rate of ANA fluorescence positivity was 32.40％,with DFS-positive samples accounting for 1.18％of all ANA fluores-cence-positive samples.The male-to-female ratio of DFS positives was 1∶1.94,with the highest percentage of 51.9％in the 21-40 age group.Among DFS positive individuals,only 12.14％were clinically diagnosed with AID disease,significantly lower than other ANA fluorescent karyotype positive individuals(23.31％,P＜0.001).The overall positivity rate of ANA spectra using immunoblotting in DFS-positive individuals was 23.54％,which was significantly lower than that in other fluorescent karyotype positive ANA individuals(73.26％,P＜0.001).Moreover,DFS positive individuals were mainly accompanied by antibody positivity such as anti-Ro52 antibodies,which had no diagnostic specificity in AID diagnosis.When comparing DFS posi-tive individuals with similar fluorescence morphology to those with homogeneous nuclear granules and nuclei,at an ANA titer of 1∶100,the proportion of AID patients in homogeneous nuclear granules and nuclei was 20.04％,significantly higher than the proportion of AID patients in DFS positive individuals(9.44％,P=0.001).With the increase of ANA titer,the proportion of AID diseases significantly increased in both karyo-type samples.When the ANA titer of DFS positive samples was increased to ≥ 1∶320,the proportion of AID diseases significantly increased to 30.77％(P=0.002).Conclusion DFS is a rare ANA fluorescent karyo-type,and DFS positive individuals are mainly found in females aged 21-40,mostly non AID patients.Howev-er,high titers of DFS cannot rule out the possibility of AID.In clinical work,special attention should be paid to distinguishing it from the homogeneous nuclear granule type to avoid misdiagnosis.

The biomimetic strategy of using the cell membrane-coated nanoparticles can retain the physical and chemical properties of the nanoparticles and show the biological characteristics of the source cell membrane, which can further enhance the role of the nanodrug in tumor treatment. A hybrid cell membrane is the fusion of two or more different types of cell membranes. A hybrid cell membrane can endow nanoparticles with multiple biofunctions derived from the source cells compared with a single cell membrane. Hybrid cell membranes provide a foundation to stimulate extensive research into multifunctional biomimetic nano-drug delivery system (NDDS), which is expected to broaden the application of biomimetic nanotechnology in drug delivery systems. In this review paper, the types of hybrid cell membrane used to construct nano-drug delivery systems, the preparation and characterization methods, and cancer treatment research progress in recent years were reviewed.

Objective To evaluate the olfactory function and its influence factors by using Sniffin ’ Sticks test, and to compare the quality of Parkinson ’s disease (PD) recognition between Sniffin’ Sticks and 16 kinds of odor identification in Sniffin ’ Sticks(SS-16) tests.Methods The Sniffin’Sticks test was used to assess the olfactory function of 68 PD patients and 76 healthy volunteers , and the relationship between smell and age, disease duration, Unified Parkinson’ s Disease Rating Scale score, Hoehn-Yahr (H-Y) rating, and cognitive function level (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) was analyzed.Results (1)The prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in PD group (83.3%) was significantly higher than that in control group (21.2%).The Sniffin’ Sticks test showed that the odor threshold score (6.6 ±3.2, P=0.000), odor discrimination score (6.6 ±3.3, P=0.000), 16 kinds of odor identification score (6.8 ±2.4, P=0.000) in PD group were significantly lower than those in control group.( 2 ) When comparing the PD cases and healthy controls in recognition , the sensitivity and the specificity of the Sniffin ’ Sticks test were 0.897 and 0.737, respectively, similar to the SS-16 test.However, the Sniffin’ Sticks test showed advantage compared with odor threshold and odor discrimination.( 3 ) The olfactory score in PD group was positively correlated with cognitive function (r=0.243, P=0.046), and was unrelated with age, gender, disease duration, and disease severity.The olfactory score in control group was negatively correlated with age (r=-0.270, P=0.018), but positively correlated with cognitive function (r=0.281, P=0.014).Conclusions There is a higher incidence of olfactory dysfunction in PD patients than in control group.Sniffin’ Sticks test is superior to SS-16 test in quantitative and qualitative analysis of olfactory function in PD patients.Two tests both have high sensitivity and specificity in the recognition of PD .