To interpret the evidence-to-decision （EtD） framework and to illustrate its application in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） guideline development using the example of the Pharmacovigilance Guideline of Chinese Patent Medicine， thereby providing methodological references for TCM guideline standardization. Based on the core three stages of the EtD framework （formulating the question， making an assessment of the evidence， and drawing conclusions）， critical decision points and evaluation evidence within the evidence-translation process were systematically addressed， aligning with the purpose， scope， and key questions of the guideline. Qualitative research methods， such as the nominal group technique， were employed to formulate recommendations. The analysis was conducted based on the EtD framework. During question formulation， the specific characteristics and practical needs of pharmacovigilance for Chinese patent medicines were clarified， focusing on the core objective of safety assurance throughout the product lifecycle. In the evidence assessment， multi-source evidence was integrated， including policy documents， literature research， and expert consensus， completing the evidence evaluation. Finally， in recommendation-forming， dispersed research evidence and expert experience were synthesized into consensus， culminating in the guideline's completion through solicitation of opinions and peer review. The EtD framework provides a structured tool for evidence-to-decision translation in TCM guideline development， effectively enhancing the transparency and scientific rigor of the process. Therefore， it is recommended that TCM guideline development adopt the EtD framework to improve the evidence-to-decision process with TCM characteristics.

To standardize the clinical application of oral Chinese patent medicines （CPMs）， and address the safety issues arising from their dosage form characteristics， irrational clinical use， and the lack of targeted pharmacovigilance systems， the China Association of Chinese Medicine organized the formulation and release of Pharmacovigilance Guidelines for Clinical Application of Oral Chinese Patent Medicines， aiming to inform the safe clinical use of oral CPMs and related pharmacovigilance work. According to the principles of GB/T1.1—2020 and the Drug Administration Law of the People's Republic of China （2019 revision）， the Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine， China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences， led a drafting group comprising 18 institutions. After multiple rounds of expert interviews， literature retrieval， evidence screening， and extensive solicitation of opinions， the Guidelines were registered internationally. Systematic standardization focused on safety monitoring， risk identification， assessment， control， and other aspects. The Guidelines clarified the characteristics of oral CPMs in terms of safety monitoring， known risks， and potential risks， compared to non-oral CPMs. Then， risk control measures were proposed， including medication in special populations and irrational medication. As a special guideline for pharmacovigilance in the clinical application of oral CPMs， the Guidelines systematically construct a technical system in line with the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， which is essential for improving the clinical safety management of oral CPMs and provides an important reference for medical institutions， pharmaceutical manufacturers， and regulatory authorities.

To interpret the evidence-to-decision （EtD） framework and to illustrate its application in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） guideline development using the example of the Pharmacovigilance Guideline of Chinese Patent Medicine， thereby providing methodological references for TCM guideline standardization. Based on the core three stages of the EtD framework （formulating the question， making an assessment of the evidence， and drawing conclusions）， critical decision points and evaluation evidence within the evidence-translation process were systematically addressed， aligning with the purpose， scope， and key questions of the guideline. Qualitative research methods， such as the nominal group technique， were employed to formulate recommendations. The analysis was conducted based on the EtD framework. During question formulation， the specific characteristics and practical needs of pharmacovigilance for Chinese patent medicines were clarified， focusing on the core objective of safety assurance throughout the product lifecycle. In the evidence assessment， multi-source evidence was integrated， including policy documents， literature research， and expert consensus， completing the evidence evaluation. Finally， in recommendation-forming， dispersed research evidence and expert experience were synthesized into consensus， culminating in the guideline's completion through solicitation of opinions and peer review. The EtD framework provides a structured tool for evidence-to-decision translation in TCM guideline development， effectively enhancing the transparency and scientific rigor of the process. Therefore， it is recommended that TCM guideline development adopt the EtD framework to improve the evidence-to-decision process with TCM characteristics.

To standardize the clinical application of oral Chinese patent medicines （CPMs）， and address the safety issues arising from their dosage form characteristics， irrational clinical use， and the lack of targeted pharmacovigilance systems， the China Association of Chinese Medicine organized the formulation and release of Pharmacovigilance Guidelines for Clinical Application of Oral Chinese Patent Medicines， aiming to inform the safe clinical use of oral CPMs and related pharmacovigilance work. According to the principles of GB/T1.1—2020 and the Drug Administration Law of the People's Republic of China （2019 revision）， the Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine， China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences， led a drafting group comprising 18 institutions. After multiple rounds of expert interviews， literature retrieval， evidence screening， and extensive solicitation of opinions， the Guidelines were registered internationally. Systematic standardization focused on safety monitoring， risk identification， assessment， control， and other aspects. The Guidelines clarified the characteristics of oral CPMs in terms of safety monitoring， known risks， and potential risks， compared to non-oral CPMs. Then， risk control measures were proposed， including medication in special populations and irrational medication. As a special guideline for pharmacovigilance in the clinical application of oral CPMs， the Guidelines systematically construct a technical system in line with the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， which is essential for improving the clinical safety management of oral CPMs and provides an important reference for medical institutions， pharmaceutical manufacturers， and regulatory authorities.

Objective:To investigate the role of Fem-1 homolog C(FEM1C)in breast cancer progression and elucidate its underlying regulat-ory mechanism.Methods:The expression of FEM1C in breast cancer tissues and cells were detected with qPCR.The binding of FEM1C to ELAVL1 protein was predicted with an online database and validated by CoIP analysis;and the binding of ELAVL1 protein to OPA1 mRNA was predicted by using the starBase database and validated by RIP analysis.Next,breast cancer cell MDA-MB-231 was transfected with FEM1C shRNA(sh-FEM1C)or overexpression vector(FEM1C)or/and ELAVL1 overexpression vector(ELAVL1)or/and OPA1 overexpression vector(OPA1),or treated with 100 μM Mdivi-1,an DRP1 inhibitor,or MYLS22,an OPA1 inhibitor.Finally,nude mice were injected with sh-FEM1C lentiviral vectors to construct xenograft tumor models,and tumor growth was monitored.Results:The expression of FEM1C was upregu-lated in breast cancer tissues(P<0.01).Silencing FEM1C inhibited the proliferation,induced apoptosis,promoted the expression of auto-phagy protein LC3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ,inhibited p62 protein expression,upregulated the protein level of PINK1 in mitochondrial,promoted the expres-sion of mitochondrial fission proteins DRP1 and MIEF2,and inhibited the expression of fusion proteins OPA1 and MFN1 in MDA-MB-231 cells(P<0.01).Mdivi-1 treatment inhibited DRP1 expression(P<0.01),but had no effect on cell viability(P>0.05);MYLS22 treatment inhibited OPA1 expression and counteracted the effect of FEM1C overexpression on MDA-MB-231 cells(P<0.01).Mechanistic studies revealed that FEM1C binds to ELAVL1 protein and promotes its expression(P<0.01);ELAVL1 protein stabilizes OPA1 mRNA by binding to it and upregu-lates OPA1 protein levels(P<0.01).Overexpression of OPA1 reversed the effect of FEM1C silencing on MDA-MB-231 cells(P<0.01).In vivo results showed that knockdown of FEM1C inhibited tumor growth in vivo(P<0.01).Conclusions:FEM1C promotes the stability of OPA1 mRNA by upregulation of ELAVL1 protein to promote mitochondrial fusion and inhibit autophagy,thereby promoting breast cancer progression.

Objective:To investigate the role of O-GlcNAcylation in the regulation of the stability of receptor for activated C kinase 1(Rack1)during SHH-type medulloblastoma(SHH-MB)initiation.Methods:SHH-MB tumors and adjacent tissues were selected from the clinical tu-mor specimen library of the Department of Pathology at The General Hospital of Western Theater Command.Rack1 expression and O-GlcNAcylation(O-GlcNAc)levels in these tumor tissues were analyzed.The human medulloblastoma cell line Daoy was treated with a glyc-osyltransferase(OGT)inhibitor(OSMI-1)and adeglycosyltransferase(OGA)inhibitor(TM-G),and their impact on tumor cell proliferation was assessed using a Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8)and immunofluorescence staining.The O-GlcNAc enzyme labeling system co-immunoprecipita-tion(Co-IP)and Western blot were used to correlate Rack1 protein levels with O-GlcNAc levels.The impact of O-GlcNAcon Rack1 stability was confirmed using cycloheximide(CHX)and ubiquitination modification experiments.In a medulloblastoma mouse model with Rack1 knockdown,tumor cell proliferation was detected using a Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8),immunofluorescence staining,and a scratch assay.Xenograft tumors were transplanted into immunodeficient mice and SHH signaling was detected by Western blot in the obtained tissue samples(sh-NC and sh-Rack1)to verify the role of Rack1 protein in SHH-MB.Results:Rack1 and O-GlcNAcylation levels were significantly in-creased in SHH-MB tumor samples,and a negative correlation was observed between Rack1 levels and patient survival rates.Treatment of Daoy cells with OGT and TM-G revealed that O-GlcNAc significantly promotes Daoy cell proliferation,while inhibiting O-GlcNAc impedes tu-mor cell proliferation.Molecular experiments have confirmed that O-GlcNAc modification of Rack1 protein can regulate tumor cell stability,thereby promoting tumor cell proliferation.When Rack1 expression was knocked down in Daoy cells,cell proliferation was significantly re-duced relative to control cells.Accordingly,proliferation was significantly inhibited in tumor tissues with Rack1 protein knockdown in mouse models,suggesting that Rack1 can participate in the initiation of SHH-MB by regulating SHH signaling.Conclusions:O-GlcNAcylation particip-ates in SHH-MB initiation by regulating Rack1 stability.

Objective:This study aimed to identify potential prognostic and biotherapeutic targets for oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC)by investigating the regulatory effects of M1/M2 macrophages on OSCC progression and their underlying mechanisms.Methods:The ef-fects of M1/M2 macrophages on the proliferation,migration,invasion,and apoptosis of SCC-15 cells were examined.Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of CD68 and M2 macrophage marker proteins in human OSCC tissue microarrays,and their cor-relations with clinicopathological features were analyzed.Results:M1 macrophages promoted apoptosis of SCC-15 cells while inhibiting their proliferation,migration,and invasion.In contrast,M2 macrophages exhibited the opposite effects.The infiltration density of tumor-associ-ated macrophages(TAMs)in OSCC tissues was significantly positively correlated(P<0.05)with lymph node metastasis.Conclusions:M1 mac-rophages suppress OSCC progression,whereas M2 macrophages promote it.

Objective:To investigate immunological non-responders (INRs) and immunological responders (IRs) during long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART), and study the dynamics of HIV reservoir and α4β7 cells in INRs and IRs and their correlation.Methods:Twenty-six patients with chronic HIV infection who received ART for 5 years were included. They were divided into INRs (CD4 + T cell counts≤350 cells/μl, n=9) and IRs (CD4 + T cell counts≥500 cells/μl, n=17) based on immune reconstitution outcomes. The percentages and numbers of α4β7 cells in both groups at baseline, ART 1, 3, and 5 years were detected by flow cytometry, and the levels of HIV DNA and cell-associated HIV RNA were quantified by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR during the same periods. HIV viral decay, α4β7 cells dynamics, and their correlations with T cells were compared at baseline, ART 1, 3 and 5 years between the two groups. Results:Over 5 years of ART, INRs exhibited higher HIV reservoir levels compared to IRs, but the decline trend was not slow. The counts of α4β7 cell were lower and the growth trend was slow in INRs ( P<0.05). α4β7 cell counts were strongly positively correlated with CD4 + T cell counts at all timepoints (Year 1: r=0.887; Year 3: r=0.878; Year 5: r=0.887; P all <0.001), while showing significantly negative correlations with activated CD38 + HLA-DR + CD4 + T cells (Year 1: r=-0.619, P=0.001), CD38 + HLA-DR + CD8 + T cells (Year 1: r=-0.517; Year 5: r=-0.532; P all <0.01), and PD-1 + CD4 + T cells (Year 1: r=-0.476, Year 5: r=-0.390, P all <0.05). Conclusions:During long-term ART, INRs maintained higher HIV reservoir and lower α4β7 cell counts compared with IRs, and decreased α4β7 cells may be associated with disease progression.

With the change of infectious disease incidence pattern and the development of related technologies, progresses have been made in the research of infectious disease epidemiology. In recent years, due to the change in the requirements of infectious disease prevention and control, the research focus has expanded from common infectious diseases to diseases which have been eliminated or might be eliminated, as well as emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Infectious disease data has been characterized by multiple sources and modalities. Along with the rapid development of pathogen detection methods, infectious disease surveillance has shifted from a single disease-targted one to a comprehensive one. Moreover, novel technologies such as multi-omics and artificial intelligence have been applied in infectious disease epidemiology research. The international cooperation in this field has become increasingly crucial, and the revision of the International Health Regulations and the negotiation of pandemic agreement will have a profound impact. In the future, infectious disease epidemiology research will develop with more powerful tools to improve its capabilities.

Oral cancer is a common inflammation-associated malignant tumor of the head and neck.In recent years,the role of the tumor microenvironment in the progression of oral cancer has received increasing attention.In the microenvironment of solid tumors,including or-al cancer,tumor-associated macrophages(TAMs)are among the most common type of immune cell and are closely associated with the poor prognosis of more than 80%of human malignant tumors.An increasing body of evidence indicates that TAMs play important roles in the oc-currence and progression of oral cancer.On the basis of the most recent research progress,both domestic and international,we systematic-ally reviewed the phenotypic characteristics,clinicopathological correlations,and molecular regulatory mechanisms of TAMs in the microen-vironment of oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC).In particular,we focus on the key signaling pathways promoting tumorigenesis and de-velopment and immune escape mechanisms,with the aim of constructing a systematic theoretical framework for developing therapeutic strategies targeting TAMs and providing a scientific basis for clinical translational research.