Objective:To explore the effects of mechanical ventilation（MV）at birth transition on lung pathophysiology and pathobiology in a very preterm animal model.Methods:Based on the model of respiratory distress syndrome（RDS）in very preterm rabbits at gestational age 26（term 31）days well established by the research group using perinatal medication and lung-protective ventilation strategies（very low tidal volume 1-3 mL/kg），we conducted a secondary data analysis. The studied rabbits were re-grouped according to the MV length（≤3 h，3-6 h，6-9 h，9-12 h，and >12 h）. The changes in lung mechanics，histopathology，phospholipid biochemistry，and mRNA relative expression of inflammatory/growth factor in lung tissue were evaluated over the time course of MV. The trend of each variable was tested by ANOVA trend test（ F trend）and Jonckheere-Terpstra trend test（ J-T value）with corresponding P value. Results:With the prolonged MV length，there was improved mean dynamic compliance of respiratory system（ F trend=16.722， P trend<0.001），along with decreased mean peak inspiratory pressure（ F trend =42.226， P trend<0.001）. The content of total phospholipids，disaturated phosphatidylcholine（ J-T=1 222，1 197， P trend=0.018，0.034，respectively）and total protein（ J-T=1 247 ，P trend= 0.009）in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid gradually increased. The wet lung weight in the ≤3 h group was significantly higher than in the other groups（ F=6.819， P<0.001）. The lung injury score（total，or hemorrhage，or inflammation）had progressive exacerbation in the ≤3 h，3-6 h and 6-9 h groups. The lung tissue mRNA expression of major proinflammatory cytokines increased modestly over the time groups in contrast to decreased expression of growth factors，of which the change of keratinocyte growth factor reached statistical significance（ J-T=531， P trend =0.034）. Conclusion:In the 26-day very preterm rabbits，with prolonged MV time，the content of surfactant phospholipid in the alveolar increased gradually，the lung compliance and lung fluid clearance gradually improved. Nevertheless，ventilator-induced lung injury remained evolving. The study warrants further study on the pathogenesis and protective strategies of early postnatal acute lung injury and chronic lung disease.

Objective:To explore the effects of mechanical ventilation（MV）at birth transition on lung pathophysiology and pathobiology in a very preterm animal model.Methods:Based on the model of respiratory distress syndrome（RDS）in very preterm rabbits at gestational age 26（term 31）days well established by the research group using perinatal medication and lung-protective ventilation strategies（very low tidal volume 1-3 mL/kg），we conducted a secondary data analysis. The studied rabbits were re-grouped according to the MV length（≤3 h，3-6 h，6-9 h，9-12 h，and >12 h）. The changes in lung mechanics，histopathology，phospholipid biochemistry，and mRNA relative expression of inflammatory/growth factor in lung tissue were evaluated over the time course of MV. The trend of each variable was tested by ANOVA trend test（ F trend）and Jonckheere-Terpstra trend test（ J-T value）with corresponding P value. Results:With the prolonged MV length，there was improved mean dynamic compliance of respiratory system（ F trend=16.722， P trend<0.001），along with decreased mean peak inspiratory pressure（ F trend =42.226， P trend<0.001）. The content of total phospholipids，disaturated phosphatidylcholine（ J-T=1 222，1 197， P trend=0.018，0.034，respectively）and total protein（ J-T=1 247 ，P trend= 0.009）in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid gradually increased. The wet lung weight in the ≤3 h group was significantly higher than in the other groups（ F=6.819， P<0.001）. The lung injury score（total，or hemorrhage，or inflammation）had progressive exacerbation in the ≤3 h，3-6 h and 6-9 h groups. The lung tissue mRNA expression of major proinflammatory cytokines increased modestly over the time groups in contrast to decreased expression of growth factors，of which the change of keratinocyte growth factor reached statistical significance（ J-T=531， P trend =0.034）. Conclusion:In the 26-day very preterm rabbits，with prolonged MV time，the content of surfactant phospholipid in the alveolar increased gradually，the lung compliance and lung fluid clearance gradually improved. Nevertheless，ventilator-induced lung injury remained evolving. The study warrants further study on the pathogenesis and protective strategies of early postnatal acute lung injury and chronic lung disease.

Objective To explore the influences of family-centered health education on compliance of segregation in children with respiratory infectious disease. Methods The patients of observation group received family-centered health education and included 247 children with respiratory infectious disease who were hospitalized in Hu′nan Children′s Hospital from August to December in 2014 and their parents. The patients of control group received normal health education and included 285 children with respiratory infectious disease who were hospitalized from January to July in 2014 and their parents. The compliance of segregation of the children and their parents were compared between two groups. Results The cognition of the awareness, category and requirement of the segregation, as well as parents′ effective segregate practice of the observation group were significantly higher than that of the control group (χ2 =38. 7,57. 71,30. 36;P<0. 01). Conclusions Family-centered health education can highly improve the compliance of segregation in children with respiratory infectious disease. It can also prevent cross infection and ensure children′s health.

Junctions of myocardial cell, specially the intraeellular junctions of transverse tubule system with sarcoplasmie reticulum membranes were observed and described in the present paper. The tubular invaginations of the sarcolemma constitutes the transverse tubule (T tubule) which surround the myofibril in rabbit. The transverse tubular system of cardiac muscle are well developed. The tubule has an elliptical shape in cross section and 15 nm in diameter and is constantly located at the level of Z line. The sarcoplasmic retieulum consists of a simple plexiform arrangement of tubular elements forming a loose network around the myofibrillae. Small terminal expansions of the reticulum are closely applied to the membrane of the T tubules to form Diad. The membranes of the small flattened expansions of the reticulum and T tubules are in contact with each other, but the lumina of the two elements do not communicate. There is a gap of about I0 nm between them and foot processes from the membrane of sarcoplasmic reticulum are regularly extended toward the Ttubules. In addition, intracellular membranous junctions are observed between T tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum of Diad. Each junction with membrane area of about 375 nm long becomes thicker and divides into two layers. Between them there is a gap of 31 nm wide, in which it is filled up with electron, dense material, forming some discontinuous spots which consisted of dense and light areas arranged at regular intervals.

This paper presents ultrastructural observations on the adrenal cortex of rats following gossypol administration of a daily dose of 10 and 25 mg/kg respectively for various time periods. Stereological analysis was olso carried out on the cellular components of zona glomerulosa.No detectable ultrastructural changes were observed in the glomerulosa cell organelles in the treated rats of 10 mg/kg dosage groups. However, changes, such as increase of the number of mitochondria, derangement and decrease in the number of their cristae, distension of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, and increase in lipid droplets were evident in the zona glomerulosa cells of experimental animals treated daily with 25 mg/kg of gossypol. Sstereological analysis of the zona glomerulosa cells also indicated that mitochondria and Golgi apparatus had a tendency to increase in number and size, although There was no significant difference statistically from that Seen in control animals. "Anomalous cells" that had never been seen in the control animals were observed in the zona fasciculata of almost all experimental animals treated daily with 25 mg/kg of gossypol. These cells were characterized by thier condensed cytoplasm and smaller size, shrinkage of nuclear membrane, decrease in amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum as well as denature or decrease in mitochondrial matrix. Other compensatory changes such as the appearance of whorled membranous bodies and cholesterol crystals in the zona fasciculata cells were also discernible.No obvious changes in zona reticularis of rat adrenal cortex following gossypol treatment could be observed. The nature and the significance of the ultrastructural changes in the adrenal cortex following gossypol treatment are a nalysed and discussed.

The present study was designed to investigate the ultrastructural changes of Sertoli cells of rat testis following gossypol administration at a dosage of 30 mg/kg/day for 4～6 weeks. Results indicate that 4 weeks after gossypol treatment, a series of ultrastructural changes concerning with phagocytic activity such as increased in amount of lysosomes, lipid droplets, ring or cup shaped mitochondria as well as the multiform changes of mitochondria and lysosomes were evident in the Sertoli cell. However, by 6 weeks after treatment, the Sertoli cells became "inactive" and began to show degenerative changes: distension and vesiculization of endoplasmic reticulum, accumulation of lipid droplets, cellular debris and lysosomes in varying sizes and phases, and the occurrence of atrophic changes of mitochondria. The nature of these changes in Sertoli cells following gossypol treatment and its significance was discussed.

Observations of the ultrastructural changes on the gonadotrophic cells of adenohypophysis and the interstitial cells of testis were carried out in rats following gossypol treatment.It was found that four types of gonadotrophs in the rat adenohypophysis could be classified under the electron microscopic observation. The contral groups mainly consisted of the types Ⅰ and Ⅱ gonadotrophic cells and the latter appear to be the most numerous cell type, which constitute about 65% of the total gonadotrophs. Following gossypal administration, the number of type Ⅱ cells decreased obviously while that of the type Ⅲ cells increased steady and became the principal type of gonadotrophic cells in gossypol-treated animals. The proportion of the type Ⅲ cells were calculated as 56%, 44% and 58% of the total gonadotrophs after Ⅰ, 2 and 12 months of gossypol treatment, respectively. The type Ⅳ cells were characterized by the appearance of dilated vesicles derived from rough endoplasmic reticulum which occupied almost the entire cytoplasm. Morphologically, these cells were similar to "castration cells" which appeared in the rat adenohypophysis after gonadectomy. They were observed in the experimental animal groups following two months of gossypol treatment, and their proportion was about 13% of the gonadotrophs.No significant ultrastructural changes in the interstitial cells of the treated rat testis could be observed.The significance of the above mentioned changes and the possible mechanism of gossypol effect on the gonadotrophs were discussed.

The clinical trials of gossypol at the dosage of 15 mg and 22.5 mg per day were carried out in the city and the rural area respectively. The results of cytological, cytochemical as well as ultrastructural studies of the semen obtained before and during gossypol administration were as follows:1. It was shown that a decrease in sperm count and the occurrence of abnormal sperm in semen was detectable 4 weeks after gossypol administration. By the 8th week the sperm count being reduced markedly in semen, while exfoliated spermatogenic cells (including mainly spermatids and spermatocytes) increased concomitantly, the date indicated that the site of gossypol action was at the spermiogenic spermatids as well as the mid-and late stage spermatocytes.2. Decrease in the activity of SDH in the middle piece of the sperm and damage to the spiral mitochondrial sheath including derangement, vacuolation, and loss of mitochndrial cristae were observed following gossypol treatment. Such changes suggested that gossypol might suppress the energy matoblism of sperm. The effect of gosspol on the PLE of acrosome system appeared to be secondary.3. The ultrastructural changes of sperm nuclear chrmatin after gosspol treament suggested the possibility that gosspol might exert effect on the matoblism of the nuclic acid.

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of cytochalasin E(CE) on the integrity of Sertoli cell barrier. The results indicate that: (1) In the CE-treated testis(1000-2000 ?mol/L CE/testis, 6-14 hr), actin filaments of the ectoplasmic specialization (ES) in area of Sertoli cell barrier were disrupted, the accumulation of amorphous material and fragmented small vesicles of SER were observed in cytoplasm of Sertoli cell. The above changes appeared to be dosage and duration dependent; (2)In the seminiferous tubules of animals receiving CE (1000-2000 ?mol/L testis, 6-14 hr) plus fixation with 10% hypertonic dextrose solutions, usually the germ cells shrinkage and exaggeration of intercellular spaces withint he basal as well asthe adluminal compartments were observed. The tight junction between Sertoli cells were also appeared to be separated by hypertonic action of dextros; (3) The results of tracing experiments showed that lanthanums as tracer could be seen to pass through the Sertoli-Sertoli cell junction of the barrier and enter into the adluminal compartment, the tracer that surrounding the spermatocytes and round spermatids were discernible readily. The above results suggest that cytochalsin E disturbed actin filaments of Sertoli ectoplasmic specialization thus altered the functional integrity of the Sertoli cell barrier. The relationship between the actin filaments and Sertoli cell barrier was discussed.