Breast cancer is the most common malignant disease in women,it seriously threatens women's physical and mental health.Traditional surgical resection is the treatment of first choice.With the innovation of surgical treatment concept and the continuous development of medical technology,the thermal ablation technology,as a kind of local precision treatment,has gradually attracted the attention and application in medical field.Among thermal ablation techniques,micro wave ablation(MW A)is an emerging thermal ablation technology used in the treatment of breast cancer.Compared with traditional surgery,MW A has the advantages of less trauma,quick recovery,less complications,satisfactory cosmetic effect,and maximum protection of patient's organ functions.Moreover,some studies have revealed that MWA can motivate anti-tumor immune response,therefore,it is expected that MW A combined with immunotherapy may become a new therapeutic regimen.This article aims to make a detailed review about the latest research progress in MWA for the treatment of breast cancer.

To explore the role of the "Clinical Practice Guidelines" column and others in the Medical Joumnal of Peking Union Medical College Hospital (Med J PUMCH) in promoting diseiplinary development.

Objective: To analyze the trends in new diagnosis rates of HIV/AIDS cases in Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province from 2009 to 2023, so as to provide the basis for improving HIV/AIDS prevention and control strategies. Methods: Data of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases in Huzhou City from 2009 to 2023 were collected through the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The new diagnosis rate was calculated as the ratio of newly reported HIV/AIDS cases within one year to the permanent resident population during the same period. The gender, age, and regional distribution characteristics of new diagnosis rates of HIV/AIDS cases were described. The trends were analyzed using average annual percent change (AAPC) and annual percent change (APC). Results: A total of 2 088 new HIV/AIDS cases were reported in Huzhou City from 2009 to 2023, with an average annual new diagnosis rate of 4.53/105. The new diagnosis rates showed an overall increasing trend from 2009 to 2023 (AAPC=12.745%, P<0.05), with rapid growth during 2009 to 2015 (APC=32.734%, P<0.05) but no significant trend during 2015 to 2023 (P>0.05). The average annual new diagnosis rate was significantly higher in males than in females (7.54/100 000 vs. 1.40/100 000, P<0.05). Male new diagnosis rate trend closely mirrored the overall population pattern, while females showed a continuous upward trend without clear inflection point (AAPC=12.575%, P<0.05). Age-specific analysis revealed average annual new diagnosis rates of 2.75/100 000, 6.16/100 000 and 3.83/100 000 for AIDS/HIV cases aged <25, 25-<50 and ≥50 years, respectively. The cases aged <25 years showed no significant trend (P>0.05), while the cases aged 25-<50 and ≥50 years followed patterns similar to the overall population. The average annual new diagnosis rates of HIV/AIDS cases in Wuxing District, Nanxun District, Deqing County, Changxing County and Anji County were 6.54/100 000, 3.43/100 000, 3.45/100 000, 3.56/100 000 and 4.94/100 000, respectively, showing overall upward trends (AAPC=9.672%, 27.599%, 11.800%, 18.896% and 10.254%, all P<0.05). Conclusions The new diagnosis rate of HIV/AIDS cases showed an overall upward trend in Huzhou City from 2009 to 2023. Cases are mainly concentrated among males, people aged 25-<50 years and Wuxing District, making them key targets for HIV/AIDS prevention and control.

Objective:To evaluate the diagnostic value of the vesical imaging-reporting and data system（VI-RADS）for determining muscle invasion in variant histology urothelial carcinoma（VUC）of the bladder.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on the pathological and imaging data of 518 bladder cancer patients admitted to Jiangsu Province Hospital between January 2013 and January 2023. Patients were stratified into pure urothelial carcinoma（PUC）group（ n = 457）and variant urothelial carcinoma（VUC）group（ n = 61）based on the presence of histological variants. In the PUC group，there were 390 males（85.3%）and 67 females（14.7%），with a mean age of（66.9 ± 11.2）years. Tumor characteristics included maximum diameter ≥ 30 mm in 149（32.6%），< 30 mm in 308（67.4%），multiple tumors in 147（32.2%），solitary in 310（67.8%），pedunculated morphology in 143（31.3%）and non-pedunculated in 314（68.7%）. Histological grading identified high-grade tumors in 319 patients（69.8%）and low-grade tumors in 138（30.2%）. Pathological stage distribution included 191 of T a（41.8%），127 of T 1（27.8%），76 of T 2（16.6%），47 of T 3（10.3%），and 16 of T 4（3.5%）patients. The VUC group included 61 patients，comprising 51 males（83.6%）and 10 females（16.4%），with a mean age of（65.8 ± 11.4）years. Tumor characteristics were maximum diameter ≥ 30 mm in 38（62.3%），< 30 mm in 23（37.7%），multiple tumors in 16（26.2%），solitary in 45（73.8%），pedunculated morphology in 11（18.0%）and non-pedunculated in 50（82.0%）. Histological grading identified high-grade tumors in 59 patients（96.7%）and low-grade tumors in 2（3.3%）. Pathological stage distribution included 3 of T a（4.9%），15 of T 1（24.6%），15 of T 2（24.6%），20 of T 3（32.8%），and 8 of T 4（13.1%）patients. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in gender，age，or tumor multiplicity（ P > 0.05）. Statistically significant differences were found in pathological grade，pathological stage，maximum tumor diameter，and pedunculated morphology（ P < 0.05）. Furthermore，an external validation cohort of 278 bladder cancer patients treated between February 2023 and February 2024 from multiple centers（Jiangsu Provincial People’s Hospital，The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University，Union Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology，Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine，Suzhou Municipal Hospital，Huaian First People’s Hospital，Yixing People’s Hospital）was retrospectively analyzed to externally validate the performance of VI-RADS scoring in predicting muscle invasion of VUC. This cohort included a PUC subgroup of 241 patients，comprising 196 males（81.3%）and 45 females（18.7%），with a mean age of（68.0 ± 10.7）years. Tumor characteristics were maximum diameter ≥ 30 mm in 85（35.3%），< 30 mm in 156（64.7%），multiple tumors in 65（27.0%），solitary in 176（73.0%），pedunculated morphology in 76（31.5%）and non-pedunculated in 165（68.5%）. Histological grading identified high-grade tumors in 175 patients（72.6%）and low-grade tumors in 66（27.4%）. Pathological staging comprised 107 patients of T a（44.4%），78 of T 1（32.4%），22 of T 2（9.1%），22 of T 3（9.1%），and 12 of T 4（5.0%）. The VUC subgroup consisted of 37 patients，comprising 29 males（78.4%）and 8 females（21.6%），with a mean age of（70.5 ± 9.5）years. Tumor characteristics were maximum diameter ≥ 30 mm in 23（62.2%），< 30 mm in 14（37.8%），multiple tumors in 9（24.3%），solitary in 28（75.7%），pedunculated morphology in 7（18.9%）and non-pedunculated in 30（81.1%）. Histological grading identified high-grade tumors in 36 patients（97.3%）and low-grade tumors in 1（2.7%）. Pathological staging comprised 1 patient of T a（2.7%），9 of T 1（24.3%），7 of T 2（18.9%），19 of T 3（51.4%），and 1 of T 4（2.7%）. In this validation cohort，no significant differences were found in gender，age，tumor multiplicity，or pedunculated morphology between the PUC and VUC subgroups（ P > 0.05）. Significant differences were observed in pathological grade，pathological stage，and maximum tumor diameter（ P < 0.05）. Three radiologists independently reviewed and scored the multiparametric MRI（mp-MRI）in a blinded manner. Inter-reader agreement was assessed using the weighted kappa statistic. Differences in variables between the two groups were compared using t-tests，chi-square tests，or Fisher’s exact test. The diagnostic performance of VI-RADS for muscle invasion in VUC and PUC was comprehensively evaluated using receiver operating characteristic（ROC）curves，the area under the curve（AUC），and cut-off values determined by the Youden’s index. The DeLong test was used to assess whether the diagnostic performance of VI-RADS differed between VUC and PUC. Results:In the retrospective single-center cohort，the AUC of VI-RADS for assessing muscle invasion was 0.895（95% CI 0.864?0.922）in the PUC group，with a cut-off value of > 3，and the AUC was 0.896（95% CI 0.791-0.960）in the VUC group，with a cut-off value of > 3. The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant（ P = 0.986）. Using a VI-RADS score > 3 as the cut-off value，the accuracy，sensitivity，specificity，positive predictive value（PPV），and negative predictive value（NPV）for diagnosing muscle invasion status in the PUC group were 85.8%（392/457），70.5%（98/139），92.5%（294/318），80.3%（98/122），and 87.8%（294/335），respectively. The corresponding values for the VUC group were 82.0%（50/61），76.7%（33/43），94.4%（17/18），97.1%（33/34），and 63.0%（17/27）.In the retrospective multicenter cohort，the AUC of VI-RADS for assessing muscle invasion was 0.891（95% CI 0.845?0.927）in the PUC group，with a cut-off value of > 2，and the AUC was 0.898（95% CI 0.754?0.973）in the VUC group，with a cut-off value of > 3. The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant（ P = 0.897）. Using a VI-RADS score > 3 as the cut-off value，the accuracy，sensitivity，specificity，PPV，and NPV for diagnosing muscle invasion status in the PUC group were 85.9%（207/241），58.9%（33/56），94.1%（174/185），75.0%（33/44），and 88.3%（174/197），respectively. The corresponding values for the VUC group were 81.1%（30/37），77.8%（21/27），90.0%（9/10），95.5%（21/22），and 60.0%（9/15）.In the single-center cohort，the Kappa values for inter-reader agreement in assessing muscle invasion status using VI-RADS were 0.881（ P < 0.01）for the PUC group and 0.941（ P < 0.01）for the VUC group among the three readers. In the multicenter cohort，the Kappa values were 0.858（ P < 0.01）for the PUC group and 0.838（ P < 0.01）for the VUC group. Conclusions:VI-RADS demonstrates similarly high diagnostic performance for assessing muscle invasion in both PUC and VUC，which is applicable for diagnosing muscle invasion status in VUC，and shows good inter-reader agreement.

OBJECTIVE: In order to enhance the efficacy of anti-breast cancer, paclitaxel nanoparticles (PTX NPs) and polypyrrole nanoparticles (PPy NPs) were combined with photothermal therapy and chemotherapy. At the same time, the two dosage forms of PTX NPs and PTX NPs gel were compared. METHODS: PTX NPs were prepared by self-assembly method, and then the cytotoxicity in vitro was investigated by Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) and other methods, and the efficacy and side effects in vivo were further investigated. RESULTS: The average hydrated diameter, PDI and electric potential of PTX NPs were (210.20 ± 1.57) nm, (0.081 ± 0.003) mV and (15.80 ± 0.35) mV, respectively. MTT results showed that the IC₅₀ value of PTX NPs on 4 T1 cells was 0.490 μg/mL, while that of PTX injection was 1.737 μg/mL. The cell inhibitory effect of PTX NPs was about 3.5 times higher than that of PTX injection. The tumor inhibition rates of PTX NPs and gel were 48.64% and 56.79%, respectively. Together with local photothermal stimulation, the tumor inhibition rate of the PTX NPs reached 91.05%, surpassing that of the gel under the same conditions (48.98%), moreover, the organ index and H&E staining results of PTX NPs showed a decrease in toxicity. CONCLUSION This combination therapy can significantly enhance the effect of anti-breast cancer, and the synergistic effect of chemotherapy and light and heat provides a feasible and effective strategy for the treatment of tumor.

Planarians have strong regenerative abilities and play an important role in evolution.Planarians are ideal model animals for experimental research,and have reportedly been used in regenerative medicine,toxicology,immunology,and genetics,among other fields.This article summarizes the progress of research on planarians as model animals,and provides a reference for future research on these animals.

Planarians have strong regenerative abilities and play an important role in evolution.Planarians are ideal model animals for experimental research,and have reportedly been used in regenerative medicine,toxicology,immunology,and genetics,among other fields.This article summarizes the progress of research on planarians as model animals,and provides a reference for future research on these animals.

Objective:To evaluate the diagnostic value of the vesical imaging-reporting and data system（VI-RADS）for determining muscle invasion in variant histology urothelial carcinoma（VUC）of the bladder.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on the pathological and imaging data of 518 bladder cancer patients admitted to Jiangsu Province Hospital between January 2013 and January 2023. Patients were stratified into pure urothelial carcinoma（PUC）group（ n = 457）and variant urothelial carcinoma（VUC）group（ n = 61）based on the presence of histological variants. In the PUC group，there were 390 males（85.3%）and 67 females（14.7%），with a mean age of（66.9 ± 11.2）years. Tumor characteristics included maximum diameter ≥ 30 mm in 149（32.6%），< 30 mm in 308（67.4%），multiple tumors in 147（32.2%），solitary in 310（67.8%），pedunculated morphology in 143（31.3%）and non-pedunculated in 314（68.7%）. Histological grading identified high-grade tumors in 319 patients（69.8%）and low-grade tumors in 138（30.2%）. Pathological stage distribution included 191 of T a（41.8%），127 of T 1（27.8%），76 of T 2（16.6%），47 of T 3（10.3%），and 16 of T 4（3.5%）patients. The VUC group included 61 patients，comprising 51 males（83.6%）and 10 females（16.4%），with a mean age of（65.8 ± 11.4）years. Tumor characteristics were maximum diameter ≥ 30 mm in 38（62.3%），< 30 mm in 23（37.7%），multiple tumors in 16（26.2%），solitary in 45（73.8%），pedunculated morphology in 11（18.0%）and non-pedunculated in 50（82.0%）. Histological grading identified high-grade tumors in 59 patients（96.7%）and low-grade tumors in 2（3.3%）. Pathological stage distribution included 3 of T a（4.9%），15 of T 1（24.6%），15 of T 2（24.6%），20 of T 3（32.8%），and 8 of T 4（13.1%）patients. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in gender，age，or tumor multiplicity（ P > 0.05）. Statistically significant differences were found in pathological grade，pathological stage，maximum tumor diameter，and pedunculated morphology（ P < 0.05）. Furthermore，an external validation cohort of 278 bladder cancer patients treated between February 2023 and February 2024 from multiple centers（Jiangsu Provincial People’s Hospital，The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University，Union Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology，Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine，Suzhou Municipal Hospital，Huaian First People’s Hospital，Yixing People’s Hospital）was retrospectively analyzed to externally validate the performance of VI-RADS scoring in predicting muscle invasion of VUC. This cohort included a PUC subgroup of 241 patients，comprising 196 males（81.3%）and 45 females（18.7%），with a mean age of（68.0 ± 10.7）years. Tumor characteristics were maximum diameter ≥ 30 mm in 85（35.3%），< 30 mm in 156（64.7%），multiple tumors in 65（27.0%），solitary in 176（73.0%），pedunculated morphology in 76（31.5%）and non-pedunculated in 165（68.5%）. Histological grading identified high-grade tumors in 175 patients（72.6%）and low-grade tumors in 66（27.4%）. Pathological staging comprised 107 patients of T a（44.4%），78 of T 1（32.4%），22 of T 2（9.1%），22 of T 3（9.1%），and 12 of T 4（5.0%）. The VUC subgroup consisted of 37 patients，comprising 29 males（78.4%）and 8 females（21.6%），with a mean age of（70.5 ± 9.5）years. Tumor characteristics were maximum diameter ≥ 30 mm in 23（62.2%），< 30 mm in 14（37.8%），multiple tumors in 9（24.3%），solitary in 28（75.7%），pedunculated morphology in 7（18.9%）and non-pedunculated in 30（81.1%）. Histological grading identified high-grade tumors in 36 patients（97.3%）and low-grade tumors in 1（2.7%）. Pathological staging comprised 1 patient of T a（2.7%），9 of T 1（24.3%），7 of T 2（18.9%），19 of T 3（51.4%），and 1 of T 4（2.7%）. In this validation cohort，no significant differences were found in gender，age，tumor multiplicity，or pedunculated morphology between the PUC and VUC subgroups（ P > 0.05）. Significant differences were observed in pathological grade，pathological stage，and maximum tumor diameter（ P < 0.05）. Three radiologists independently reviewed and scored the multiparametric MRI（mp-MRI）in a blinded manner. Inter-reader agreement was assessed using the weighted kappa statistic. Differences in variables between the two groups were compared using t-tests，chi-square tests，or Fisher’s exact test. The diagnostic performance of VI-RADS for muscle invasion in VUC and PUC was comprehensively evaluated using receiver operating characteristic（ROC）curves，the area under the curve（AUC），and cut-off values determined by the Youden’s index. The DeLong test was used to assess whether the diagnostic performance of VI-RADS differed between VUC and PUC. Results:In the retrospective single-center cohort，the AUC of VI-RADS for assessing muscle invasion was 0.895（95% CI 0.864?0.922）in the PUC group，with a cut-off value of > 3，and the AUC was 0.896（95% CI 0.791-0.960）in the VUC group，with a cut-off value of > 3. The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant（ P = 0.986）. Using a VI-RADS score > 3 as the cut-off value，the accuracy，sensitivity，specificity，positive predictive value（PPV），and negative predictive value（NPV）for diagnosing muscle invasion status in the PUC group were 85.8%（392/457），70.5%（98/139），92.5%（294/318），80.3%（98/122），and 87.8%（294/335），respectively. The corresponding values for the VUC group were 82.0%（50/61），76.7%（33/43），94.4%（17/18），97.1%（33/34），and 63.0%（17/27）.In the retrospective multicenter cohort，the AUC of VI-RADS for assessing muscle invasion was 0.891（95% CI 0.845?0.927）in the PUC group，with a cut-off value of > 2，and the AUC was 0.898（95% CI 0.754?0.973）in the VUC group，with a cut-off value of > 3. The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant（ P = 0.897）. Using a VI-RADS score > 3 as the cut-off value，the accuracy，sensitivity，specificity，PPV，and NPV for diagnosing muscle invasion status in the PUC group were 85.9%（207/241），58.9%（33/56），94.1%（174/185），75.0%（33/44），and 88.3%（174/197），respectively. The corresponding values for the VUC group were 81.1%（30/37），77.8%（21/27），90.0%（9/10），95.5%（21/22），and 60.0%（9/15）.In the single-center cohort，the Kappa values for inter-reader agreement in assessing muscle invasion status using VI-RADS were 0.881（ P < 0.01）for the PUC group and 0.941（ P < 0.01）for the VUC group among the three readers. In the multicenter cohort，the Kappa values were 0.858（ P < 0.01）for the PUC group and 0.838（ P < 0.01）for the VUC group. Conclusions:VI-RADS demonstrates similarly high diagnostic performance for assessing muscle invasion in both PUC and VUC，which is applicable for diagnosing muscle invasion status in VUC，and shows good inter-reader agreement.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1A1(eEF1A1)on the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus(VSV)and Herpes simplex virus 1(HSV-1)to identify a potential target for broad-spectrum regulation of viruses.METHODS Small interfering RNA(si-eEF1A)was transfected into human skin fibroblasts(BJ-5ta)to inhibit the expression of eEF1A1,and the negative control group was set up.The transfection efficiency was detected by real-time fluo-rescence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)and Western blotting,the cell model of eEF1A1 gene silencing was constructed.The cell model was infected with VSV,the gene copy number and protein expression of VSV in the cells were detected.The cell model was infected with HSV-1,the mRNA and protein expres-sion of HSV-1 in the cells were detected.The cell models were transfected with polyinosinic acid[Poly(I:C)]or sodium deoxyribonucleic acid(HT-DNA),respectively.The mRNA expression of interferon-β(IFN-β),C-X-C Motif Chemokine 10(CXCL10)and interferon-stimulated gene 56(ISG56)were detected by RT-qPCR.The phosphorylation expression of interferon regulatory factor 3(IRF3)and TANK binding kinase 1(TBK1)were detected by Western blotting.RESULT Compared with the negative control group,the mRNA and protein expression of eEF1A1 in the eEF1A1 gene silencing group were signifi-cantly decreased(P<0.01),the cell model of eEF1A1 gene silencing was successfully constructed.Compared with the negative control group,the VSV gene copy number of the eEF1A1 gene silencing group decreased by 70%-80%.The VSV protein expression decreased significantly(P<0.01).The mRNA expression of HSV-1 was decreased by 50%-60%,and the protein expression of HSV-1 was significantly decreased(P<0.01).After stimulation with Poly(I:C)or HT-DNA,compared with the negative control group.there was no significant difference in the mRNA expressions of IFN-β,ISG56 and CXCL10 and the protein phosphorylation expression of IRF3 and TBK1 in the eEF1A1 gene silencing group.CONCLUSION eEF1A1 silencing can inhibit VSV and HSV-1 virus replication,suggesting that eEF1A1 has a potential broad-spectrum regulatory effect on RNA viruses and DNA viruses,and may not recog-nize activated immune pathways through intracellular nucleic acid recognition.

Objective:To establish auto verification rules for the routine coagulation assays,and to provide reference for clinical laboratories to improve the quality and efficiency of results verification.Methods:A total of 24,510 specimens of sodium citrate anticoagulation routine coagulation test from the laboratory departments of eight hospitals including the First Medical Center,Chinese PLA General Hospital during January to March 2020 were collected and randomly divided into a rule establishment group and a rule verification group,with 6,670 specimens in the rule establishment group,including 2,056 Delta checks,and 17,840 specimens in the rule validation group,including 3,210 Delta checks.The activities of prothrombin time(PT),activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT),fibrinogen(Fib),thrombin time(TT),D-dimer(DD)and/or antithrombin(AT)were detected by Stago STA R Max automatic coagulation analyzer and supporting reagents.Taking the manual verification results as the standard,the auto verification and manual false negative rate(invalid verification),false positive rate(invalid interception),pass rate,positive coincidence rate,negative coincidence rate,verification consistency rate and specimen turnaround time(TAT)of the two groups were calculated.Results:The auto verification rules and the application process were preliminarily established,including internal quality control,alarm information,auto verification scope,critical value and deviation value inspection.In the rule establishment group,the single item pass rate was 82.6%-92.4%,and the overall pass rate was 73.8%.The consistency rate between auto verification and manual verification was 98.2%,and the positive coincidence rate and negative coincidence rate were 24.4%and 73.8%,respectively.In the rule verification group,the single item pass rate was 86.4%-91.5%,and the overall review pass rate was 71.5%.By simulating the application of auto verification rules,the average TAT of two hospitals among the eight hospitals was shortened by 1.5 hours and 2.1 hours,respectively.Conclusion:The application of auto verification rules can reduce workload of manual verification,and significantly shorten the TAT,and improve the report efficiency of the laboratory.