Objective: Amenorrhea is an abnormal condition characterized by the absence of menstruation in women of reproductive age. According to the World Health Organization, amenorrhea ranks as the sixth leading cause of female infertility. Approximately 2% to 5% of women of reproductive age experience amenorrhea, which can be classified as primary amenorrhea (PA) or secondary amenorrhea (SA). Several studies have named chromosomal abnormalities among the main causes of amenorrhea, though the prevalence of these abnormalities may differ across populations. The objective of this study was to ascertain the frequency and types of chromosomal abnormalities in women with amenorrhea in Kermanshah Province, Iran. Methods: This retrospective study included patients with PA and SA who underwent standard cytogenetic analysis. We also conducted a review of the literature on chromosomal abnormalities and their prevalence in SA. Results: Among the 137 cases of PA in this study, 22% exhibited chromosomal abnormalities. Numerical changes were the most common finding (46.6%) in this group, including 45,X, mosaic, and 47,XXX karyotypes. These were followed by the 46,XY karyotype (40%). Of the 51 cases of SA that received chromosomal analysis, abnormalities were identified in only one case. Additionally, our review of the literature revealed that chromosomal aberrations are responsible for 7% of SA cases globally. Conclusion In this study, we successfully characterized the cytogenetic causes of PA and SA in a substantial population from Kermanshah Province, Iran.

Objective: Amenorrhea is an abnormal condition characterized by the absence of menstruation in women of reproductive age. According to the World Health Organization, amenorrhea ranks as the sixth leading cause of female infertility. Approximately 2% to 5% of women of reproductive age experience amenorrhea, which can be classified as primary amenorrhea (PA) or secondary amenorrhea (SA). Several studies have named chromosomal abnormalities among the main causes of amenorrhea, though the prevalence of these abnormalities may differ across populations. The objective of this study was to ascertain the frequency and types of chromosomal abnormalities in women with amenorrhea in Kermanshah Province, Iran. Methods: This retrospective study included patients with PA and SA who underwent standard cytogenetic analysis. We also conducted a review of the literature on chromosomal abnormalities and their prevalence in SA. Results: Among the 137 cases of PA in this study, 22% exhibited chromosomal abnormalities. Numerical changes were the most common finding (46.6%) in this group, including 45,X, mosaic, and 47,XXX karyotypes. These were followed by the 46,XY karyotype (40%). Of the 51 cases of SA that received chromosomal analysis, abnormalities were identified in only one case. Additionally, our review of the literature revealed that chromosomal aberrations are responsible for 7% of SA cases globally. Conclusion In this study, we successfully characterized the cytogenetic causes of PA and SA in a substantial population from Kermanshah Province, Iran.

Objective: Amenorrhea is an abnormal condition characterized by the absence of menstruation in women of reproductive age. According to the World Health Organization, amenorrhea ranks as the sixth leading cause of female infertility. Approximately 2% to 5% of women of reproductive age experience amenorrhea, which can be classified as primary amenorrhea (PA) or secondary amenorrhea (SA). Several studies have named chromosomal abnormalities among the main causes of amenorrhea, though the prevalence of these abnormalities may differ across populations. The objective of this study was to ascertain the frequency and types of chromosomal abnormalities in women with amenorrhea in Kermanshah Province, Iran. Methods: This retrospective study included patients with PA and SA who underwent standard cytogenetic analysis. We also conducted a review of the literature on chromosomal abnormalities and their prevalence in SA. Results: Among the 137 cases of PA in this study, 22% exhibited chromosomal abnormalities. Numerical changes were the most common finding (46.6%) in this group, including 45,X, mosaic, and 47,XXX karyotypes. These were followed by the 46,XY karyotype (40%). Of the 51 cases of SA that received chromosomal analysis, abnormalities were identified in only one case. Additionally, our review of the literature revealed that chromosomal aberrations are responsible for 7% of SA cases globally. Conclusion In this study, we successfully characterized the cytogenetic causes of PA and SA in a substantial population from Kermanshah Province, Iran.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a metal artifact reduction (MAR) algorithm on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of titanium and zirconia implants, both within and outside the field of view (FOV). Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, a dry human mandible was positioned in a CBCT scanner with only its left quadrant included in the FOV. Each type of implant (titanium and zirconia) was placed once in the right second premolar extraction socket and once in the left second premolar extraction socket of the mandible. CBCT scans were acquired with and without MAR. Three regions of interest (ROIs) were defined in relation to a resin block, and the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was calculated for each ROI. Data were analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance with an alpha level of 0.05. Results: Application of a MAR algorithm significantly increased the CNR within and outside the FOV for both implant types (P<0.05). Relative to titanium implants, zirconia implants were associated with significantly lower CNRs in both positions (P<0.05) and generated more artifacts. Implant placement outside the FOV was associated with slightly lower image quality than positioning within the FOV, although this finding was not significant (P>0.05). Conclusion The results suggest that application of a MAR algorithm in CBCT significantly impacts artifactgeneration. Titanium implants exhibited significantly lower metal artifact generation compared to zirconia implants.Positioning either implant type outside the FOV, as opposed to inside it, slightly increased artifact generation;however, this was not statistically significant.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a metal artifact reduction (MAR) algorithm on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of titanium and zirconia implants, both within and outside the field of view (FOV). Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, a dry human mandible was positioned in a CBCT scanner with only its left quadrant included in the FOV. Each type of implant (titanium and zirconia) was placed once in the right second premolar extraction socket and once in the left second premolar extraction socket of the mandible. CBCT scans were acquired with and without MAR. Three regions of interest (ROIs) were defined in relation to a resin block, and the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was calculated for each ROI. Data were analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance with an alpha level of 0.05. Results: Application of a MAR algorithm significantly increased the CNR within and outside the FOV for both implant types (P<0.05). Relative to titanium implants, zirconia implants were associated with significantly lower CNRs in both positions (P<0.05) and generated more artifacts. Implant placement outside the FOV was associated with slightly lower image quality than positioning within the FOV, although this finding was not significant (P>0.05). Conclusion The results suggest that application of a MAR algorithm in CBCT significantly impacts artifactgeneration. Titanium implants exhibited significantly lower metal artifact generation compared to zirconia implants.Positioning either implant type outside the FOV, as opposed to inside it, slightly increased artifact generation;however, this was not statistically significant.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a metal artifact reduction (MAR) algorithm on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of titanium and zirconia implants, both within and outside the field of view (FOV). Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, a dry human mandible was positioned in a CBCT scanner with only its left quadrant included in the FOV. Each type of implant (titanium and zirconia) was placed once in the right second premolar extraction socket and once in the left second premolar extraction socket of the mandible. CBCT scans were acquired with and without MAR. Three regions of interest (ROIs) were defined in relation to a resin block, and the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was calculated for each ROI. Data were analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance with an alpha level of 0.05. Results: Application of a MAR algorithm significantly increased the CNR within and outside the FOV for both implant types (P<0.05). Relative to titanium implants, zirconia implants were associated with significantly lower CNRs in both positions (P<0.05) and generated more artifacts. Implant placement outside the FOV was associated with slightly lower image quality than positioning within the FOV, although this finding was not significant (P>0.05). Conclusion The results suggest that application of a MAR algorithm in CBCT significantly impacts artifactgeneration. Titanium implants exhibited significantly lower metal artifact generation compared to zirconia implants.Positioning either implant type outside the FOV, as opposed to inside it, slightly increased artifact generation;however, this was not statistically significant.

Acanthamoeba is an opportunistic protozoan pathogen which is found in diverse environment worldwide. Being ubiquitous nature of this amoeba we come across it in our daily life. Acanthamoeba species are recognized as human pathogens; that may cause blinding keratitis and rare but fatal granulomatous encephalitis involving central nervous system. To date, there is not a single report in literature demonstrating anti-Acanthamoeba antibodies among the Saudi population, and thus aim of the present study. Using ELISA, we identified the antibody level in the local population. Our results represent the secretory IgA antiAcanthamoeba in mucosal secretions from 133 individuals aged 15–60 years. The antiAcanthamoeba antibody prevalence rate was > 80%, and no considerable differences were observed between prevalence in males (80.28%) and that in females (80.64%). In addition, environmental sources (soil and water) from the environment of the participants in our study were evaluated for amoeba incidence. The amoeba was identified by morphological characteristics of cysts or trophozoites on non-nutrient agar plates grown with E. coli. Overall, 58.75% of samples from water and 32.85% of those from soil were culture positive for outgrowth of amoeba on non-nutrient agar plates. Furthermore, PCR was carried out with genus-specific primers to confirm the presence of Acanthamoeba DNA. Our results revealed that about 68% of cultures from water and 43% of those from soil were successfully amplified and proved to be amoeba DNA. Interestingly, a few samples yielded more than one product, which suggests that some other amoebic species may be present in the same sample (MAC-W1 and MADW1). To the best of our knowledge, we described for the first time the amoeba isolation from the participant’s close environment and antibodies level among Saudi population. Our future studies will be focused on additional molecular characterization of isolated amoeba and their pathogenic potential which could be a possible threat for the community.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer and it is the second leading cause of cancer mortality for women after lung cancer in Iran. Given the high prevalence of breast cancer, it is of crucial importance to determine reproductive risk factors of breast cancer. Methods: A total of 139 female patients suffering from breast cancer (the case group) and 279 healthy females (the control group) who were age-matched participated in the study over the period from March 2018 to March 2019. Demographic and reproductive variables, including the number of pregnancies, breastfeeding, history of oral contraceptive use, abortion history, age at first menstruation and age at first childbirth, were all recorded via survey. Conditional Logistic regression was employed to calculate OR (CI: 95%). Results: The mean age of breast cancer patients was 50.8 ± 8.31. First degree family history of breast cancer, History of oral contraceptive use and delaying first pregnancy drastically increased the chance of breast cancer whereas breastfeeding and menstruation after the age of 14 reduced the chance of breast cancer. Conclusion: The findings of this study reveal that the age at first birth, use of oral contraceptives, first degree family history of breast cancer and lack of breastfeeding have a significant relationship with breast cancer. Thus, women who have experienced such factors are susceptible to breast cancer and need to be prioritized for preventive treatments and screening.

Purpose:Trauma may lead to serious complications in children patients.The purpose of this study was to investigate prognosis in children with traumatic injuries.Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted on all of the children (＜18 years old) who had suffered traumatic injuries and transferred to the emergency department of Imam Hussein Hospital by emergency medical services.After selecting the children,a checklist including information such as demographic characteristics,trauma type,consciousness level,and final outcome was recorded.Finally,the data were analyzed using t-test,Chi-square test and ANOVA.Results:In total of 564 children were investigated.Among them,70％ were males,and 33.2％ were in the age range of 5-12 years.The mechanism of injuries in 97.9％ of the cases was blunt trauma.The most common chief complaint among the affected children was nausea.The majority of them had stable vital signs and normal neurological tests results.However,1.06％ of them died during hospitalization.The results indicated that the final outcome in the children affected by traumatic injuries is significantly related to the type of trauma,the location of traumatic event,the vehicle used to transport them to emergency departments and their Glasgow coma scale score (p ＜ 0.05).Conclusion:Considering the young age of the child patients and over half of trauma happened at home,it is important to raise parents' awareness about the risky places and activities,which were likely to result in traumatic injuries for children.

Recommendations for managing clinically localized prostate cancer are structured around clinical risk criteria, with prostate biopsy (PB) Gleason score (GS) being the most important factor. Biopsy to radical prostatectomy (RP) specimen upgrading/downgrading is well described, and is often the rationale for costly imaging or genomic studies. We present simple, no-cost analyses of clinical parameters to predict which GS 6 and GS 8 patients will change to GS 7 at prostatectomy. From May 2006 to December 2012, 1590 patients underwent robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). After exclusions, we identified a GS 6 cohort of 374 patients and a GS 8 cohort of 91 patients. During this era, >1000 additional patients were enrolled in an active surveillance (AS) program. For GS 6, 265 (70.9%) of 374 patients were upgraded, and the cohort included 183 (48.9%) patients eligible for AS by the Prostate Cancer Research International Active Surveillance Study (PRIAS) standards, of which 57.9% were upgraded. PB features that predicted a >90% chance of upgrading included ≥ 7 cores positive, maximum foci length ≥ 8 mm in any core, and total tumor involvement ≥ 30%. For GS 8, downgrading occurred in 46 (50.5%), which was significantly higher for single core versus multiple cores (80.4% vs 19.6%, P = 0.011). Biochemical recurrence (BCR) occurred in 3.4% of GS 6 upgraded versus 0% nonupgraded, and in GS 8, 19.6% downgraded versus 42.2% nondowngraded. In counseling men with clinically localized prostate cancer, the odds of GS change should be presented, and certain men with high-volume GS 6 or low-volume GS 8 can be counseled with GS 7-based recommendations.
Biopsy ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Grading/statistics & numerical data* ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology* ; Prostate/surgery* ; Prostate-Specific Antigen/blood* ; Prostatectomy ; Prostatic Neoplasms/surgery* ; Retrospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity