Introduction: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) has been recognized as a risk factor for metabolic dysfunction. The objective of this study was to determine the association of each PCOS phenotype with the risk for prediabetes and diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: This was a cross-sectional study by chart review of PCOS patients classified into 4 phenotypes, who consulted at outpatient clinics in Makati Medical Center. Odds ratio using logistic regression was used to determine association between the PCOS phenotype and having prediabetes or DM Type 2. Results: One hundred thirty-four records of eligible females diagnosed with PCOS classified as Phenotype D (52%), Phenotype A (22%), Phenotype C (19%) and Phenotype B (7.5%), were included. Pre-diabetes was diagnosed in 39.6%, and DM type 2 in 7.5% of the women. Univariate association of phenotype and outcome revealed that DM is significantly more common among phenotypes A and D while prediabetes is significantly most common among phenotype D. However, multivariate regression did not show any positive association between phenotypes and risk for prediabetes and DM. Conclusion Phenotypes A and C were significantly negatively associated with the risk of prediabetes or DM type 2. Obesity and abdominal adiposity were aggravating factors that increased metabolic risk.
Prevalence ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Prediabetic State

OBJECTIVE: To  determine  the  prevalence  of  depression  in  Filipino adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and the risk factors associated in its development.
METHODS: This  is  a  prospective  cross-sectional  study.  Adult  patients (age 19 and above) with type 2 DM being seen at the outpatient department of the Makati Medical Center from  January  to  March  2015  were  included,  taking  into account  the  following:  age,  gender,  marital  status,  body  mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, duration of  diabetes,  presence  of  other  co-morbid  illnesses,  pill  burden,  insulin  use,  educational  attainment,  employment  status,  family  income,  and  glycemic  status.    They  were  then screened for depression using the standardized PHQ-9 questionnaire. Bivariate analyses through Chi-square Test (for categorical variables) and Analysis of Variance (for interval/ratio variables) were used to determine which among the risk factors are significant for the development of depression.  Significant  risk  factors  were  treated  for  multivariate  and  univariate analyses through ordinal logistic regression.
RESULTS: A  total  of  110  adult  patients  with  type  2  DM  were  enrolled  in  this  study.  There  were  no  drop-outs.  Sixty-nine percent  of  the  patients  had  none  to  minimal  depression,  24% had mild depression, and 7% had moderate depression. None  of  the  patients  had  depression  that  warranted  anti-depressants  or  psychotherapy.   After  step-wise  analysis, increased  BMI,  elevated  diastolic  blood  pressure  and  uncontrolled blood sugar were found to be associated with higher  PHQ-9  scores  while  unemployment  was  associated with decreased PHQ-9 score.
CONCLUSION: The  prevalence  of  depression  among  Filipino type  2  diabetic  patients  is  higher  than  in  non-diabetic  patients. Being obese, having an elevated diastolic blood pressure, and the presence of uncontrolled blood sugar were significant predictors and were associated with an increased likelihood  of  developing  major  depressive  disorder. Being unemployed appears to have the opposite effect.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Aged ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Blood Glucose ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Depression ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Insulin ; Body Mass Index ; Waist Circumference ; Psychotherapy

BACKGROUND: Total sialic acid determination has been show as an inflammatory marker for type 2 diabetes. No Local study has been done characterize the levels of TSA in gestational diabetes.

OBJECTIVES: To determine inflammatory markers predictive of gestational diabetes; to be able to describe the clinical profile of subjects enrolled in this study and determine the odds ratio for each inflammatory marker

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY: Sixty two pregnant patients in their first trimester were included in this study. Inflammatory markers wre measured at 12 weeks and repeated at 24-28 weeks AOG together with screening glucose tets include random sugar at 12 weeks and 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks. Factors independently associated with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM) were determined using logistic regression stepwise model technique.

RESULTS: Of the 62 pregnant patients in their first trimester enrolled in study, five were diagnosed to have GDM based on the American Diabetes Association criteria(ADA), four with IGT and 53 with normal glucose tolerance. At 12 weeks gestation, total sialic acid (TSA) was higher among those with IGT and GDM compared to those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) (mean=241.5 vs 175 vs 161. p=.030). However it was higher in GDM than those with IGT and NGT at 24-28 weeks (mean= 244.8 vs 229.7 vs 177, p = .025). Deranged total sialic acid performed at 24-28 weeks showed a trend for association with gestational diabetes (RR = 3.6, 95% CI 0-4.53, p=0.96). Other factors correlated, include a higher mean age (>26) and a family history of diabetes mellitus . Factors associated with impaired glucose tolerance, include a deranged TSA at 12 weeks, deranged CRP at 24-28 weeks , a deranged ESR both at 12 and 24-28 weeks gestation and a family history of diabetes mellitus.

CONCLUSION: Deranged levels of TSA at 24-28 weeks AOG seem to be associated wuth gestational diabetes. TSA determination at this gestational age can be utilized to screen gesttional diabetes.

Total Sialic Acid ; Gestational Diabetes ; Inflammatory Markers