EFFECTIVE ORAL HEALTH INTERVENTIONS FOR DISADVANTAGED SCHOOLCHILDREN: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW Children from rural and low socioeconomic backgrounds face persistent inequalities in oral health, specifically dental caries, and periodontal diseases. This review aimed to identify effective interventions for promoting oral health and preventing oral diseases among primary schoolchildren from rural and low socioeconomic backgrounds. We conducted a comprehensive search using PubMed, MEDLINE and CINAHL via EBSCOhost, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Dentistry and Oral Sciences databases for English publications from 2000 to 2022. We included both randomised and non-randomised controlled trials that evaluated promotive and preventive oral health interventions targeting primary schoolchildren from rural and low socioeconomic backgrounds. Measured outcomes encompassed changes in dental caries status, periodontal disease status, oral hygiene status or practices, sugar consumption, or smoking behaviours. Two reviewers independently screened the articles, performed data extraction using a standardised form, and assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) and Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies - of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tools. Given the substantial heterogeneity, a narrative analysis was undertaken. Of the 35 included studies, the interventions identified as effective were health and oral health education (n=20), establishment of school or community health policies (n=5), fissure sealants (n=4), professionally applied topical fluoride (n=10), supervised toothbrushing (n=7), provision of free toothbrush and toothpaste (n=1), and fluoride mouth rinse (n=2). These interventions were found to be effective in addressing caries (n=15), periodontal disease (n=2), oral hygiene (n=2), sugar consumption (n=6) and tobacco use (n=2). However, many of the included studies have a high risk of bias. Despite the risk, these findings represent the best available evidence and serve as insights into effective interventions for disadvantaged schoolchildren. Future well-designed studies are required to provide high-quality evidence. The findings indicate that a comprehensive intervention involving both clinical prevention and oral health promotion can significantly improve the oral health of disadvantaged primary schoolchildren.

OBJECTIVE: To determine and compare the frequency distribution of various arch shapes in ethnic Malays and Malaysian Aborigines in Peninsular Malaysia and to investigate the morphological differences of arch form between these two ethnic groups. METHODS: We examined 120 ethnic Malay study models (60 maxillary, 60 mandibular) and 129 Malaysian Aboriginal study models (66 maxillary, 63 mandibular). We marked 18 buccal tips and incisor line angles on each model, and digitized them using 2-dimensional coordinate system. Dental arches were classified as square, ovoid, or tapered by printing the scanned images and superimposing Orthoform arch templates on them. RESULTS: The most common maxillary arch shape in both ethnic groups was ovoid, as was the most common mandibular arch shape among ethnic Malay females. The rarest arch shape was square. Chi-square tests, indicated that only the distribution of the mandibular arch shape was significantly different between groups (p = 0.040). However, when compared using independent t-tests, there was no difference in the mean value of arch width between groups. Arch shape distribution was not different between genders of either ethnic group, except for the mandibular arch of ethnic Malays. CONCLUSIONS: Ethnic Malays and Malaysian Aborigines have similar dental arch dimensions and shapes.
Dental Arch ; Ethnic Groups ; Female ; Humans ; Incisor ; Malaysia