Kidneys filter bloodand regulate fluid and electrolyte balances.However,the kidney is susceptible to toxicity of various compounds,Resulting in renal damage.Hence,prevention and treatment of renal injury is a hot research topic.Zebrafish is an ideal animal model,because it is closely related to humans in terms of morphology,physiology,and kidney functions and its response to compounds.In this article,we review the method and evaluation indexes of zebrafish kidney injury modeling.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has recurrent and protracted course with unknown etiology and it can affect multiple organs and systems. At present, IBD patients tends to be younger, and the recurrent disease affects work, even resulting in unemployment, and consumes a lot of social and medical resources. Having been used for the treatment of IBD for more than 20 years, biologics increase the selectivity of treatment, but at the same time, current research has found that the use of biologics is one of the main factors increasing the economic burden of IBD. Compared with biologics, biosimilars have significant advantages in optimizing cost-benefit and have good application prospects. By summarizing the current research status of IBD health economics at home and abroad, this review aims to provide an economic basis for strengthening disease management and improving the quality of life of patients.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has recurrent and protracted course with unknown etiology and it can affect multiple organs and systems. At present, IBD patients tends to be younger, and the recurrent disease affects work, even resulting in unemployment, and consumes a lot of social and medical resources. Having been used for the treatment of IBD for more than 20 years, biologics increase the selectivity of treatment, but at the same time, current research has found that the use of biologics is one of the main factors increasing the economic burden of IBD. Compared with biologics, biosimilars have significant advantages in optimizing cost-benefit and have good application prospects. By summarizing the current research status of IBD health economics at home and abroad, this review aims to provide an economic basis for strengthening disease management and improving the quality of life of patients.

This paper analyzes the ERCP price setting policy and its impact on the patient''s cost and it puts forward possible price setting policy recommendations, according to the current situation of the disease payment system reform and promotion prospects of ERCP.ERCP belongs to the low-price high-value medical supplies, but hospitalization expenses data of 9 types of diseases show that consumables accounted for 35.81~48.25%.The main factor hindering widely the application of ERCP lies in high-ratio self-payment and high medical cost, in other words, as the ERCP supplies are not included in the scope of medical insurance payments, the current rate of patients with high surgical expenses, medical costs are expensive.As per the analysis of this paper, the following are the policy recommendations to put forward 1)Paying attention to historical settlement data and scientific formulation of disease charges;2)Considering different treatment methods and allocate appropriate disease payment standards;3)Standardize operation code to ensure the information quality of accurate disease expenses calculation.