Myiasis is the invasion of organs and tissues of humans or other vertebrate animals by fly larvae. The first reported case of myiasis in Iran was ophthalmic myiasis, which was reported in 1975. Since then about 81 cases of human myiasis have been reported in Iran up till 2017. According to this study, all types of myiasis were reported from different parts of Iran. Vectors species of human myiasis in Iran are: Oestrus ovis, Chrysomya bezziana, Dermatobia hominis, Hypoderma bovis, Rinoestrus purpureus, Lucilia serricata, Eristalis tenax, Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis, Sarcophaga fertoni, Wohlfahrtia magnifica, Wohlfahrtia nuba, Wohlfahrtia vigil, Cynomyopsis cadaverina, and Psychoda albipennis. There were two age peaks of myiasis infection in Iran: 21- 40 years old, and 65 years old . Specific and primary treatment is removal of larvae from infected tissues . Ironing is an effective way to eliminate eggs, also wearing long sleeve clothes to cover wounds and avoiding outdoor sleep are another way to prevent infection with flying larva. The aim of this review was to determine the prevalence of myiasis in different parts of Iran in order to determine and prioritize the methods of control based on the results.

Objectives: Identification of the causal impact of self-esteem on smoking stages faces seemingly insurmountable problems in observational data, where self-esteem is not manipulable by the researcher and cannot be assigned randomly. The aim of this study was to find out if weaker self-esteem in adolescence is a risk factor of cigarette smoking in a longitudinal study in Iran. Methods: In this longitudinal study, 4,853 students (14–18 years) completed a self-administered multiple-choice anonym questionnaire. The students were evaluated twice, 12 months apart. Students were matched based on coarsened exact matching on pretreatment variables, including age, gender, smoking stages at the first wave of study, socioeconomic status, general risk-taking behavior, having a smoker in the family, having a smoker friend, attitude toward smoking, and self-injury, to ensure statistically equivalent comparison groups. Self-esteem was measured using the Rosenberg 10-item questionnaire and were classified using a latent class analysis. After matching, the effect of self-esteem was evaluated using a multinomial logistic model. Results: In the causal fitted model, for adolescents with weaker self-esteem relative to those with stronger self-esteem, the relative risk for experimenters and regular smokers relative to nonsmokers would be expected to increase by a factor of 2.2 (1.9–2.6) and 2.0 (1.5–2.6), respectively. Conclusion Using a causal approach, our study indicates that low self-esteem is consistently associated with progression in cigarette smoking stages.