The lungs are the most common sites of metastases from non-pulmonarymalignancies. Endobronchial metastases are rare and have no specificity in clinical manifestations,thus being prone to misdiagnosis and delayed treatment.The common tumors associated with endobronchial metastasis are renal,breast,and colorectal cancers.This article reported one case of postoperative rectal cancer with endobronchial and lung metastases,which was relieved by high-frequency electrocautery ablation via bronchoscope,chemotherapy,and targeted drugs,aiming to provide a reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
Humans ; Rectal Neoplasms/pathology* ; Electrocoagulation/methods* ; Bronchial Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Bronchoscopy ; Lung Neoplasms/secondary* ; Bronchoscopes

Both carcinoembryonic antigen and CA19-9 are considered as predictive markers of intestinal cancer recurrence and metastasis.In addition,CA19-9 elevation is considered as a predictive marker of connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease.The incidence of oxaliplatin and capecitabine-associated interstitial lung disease is low,and there is no report about CA19-9 as a predictive marker of oxaliplatin and capecitabine-associated interstitial lung disease.This paper reports a case of interstitial lung disease with CA19-9 elevation caused by oxaliplatin and capecitabine adjuvant therapy for ileocecal carcinoma.The change trend of serum carcinoembryonic antigen in this patient was consistent with tumor recurrence and metastasis,and that of serum CA19-9 was consistent with the severity of interstitial lung disease.Therefore,CA19-9 elevation after intestinal cancer surgery does not necessarily indicate the tumor recurrence and metastasis,and attention should be paid to the possibility of oxaliplatin and capecitabine-associated interstitial lung disease.
Humans ; CA-19-9 Antigen/blood* ; Capecitabine ; Cecal Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ; Deoxycytidine/administration & dosage* ; Fluorouracil/administration & dosage* ; Lung Diseases, Interstitial/blood* ; Organoplatinum Compounds/administration & dosage* ; Oxaliplatin

Lung cancer is the malignancy with the highest incidence and mortality burden globally, ranking first in both morbidity and mortality among all types of malignant tumors. Pathologically, lung cancer is classified into non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer, with NSCLC accounting for approximately 85% of cases. Due to the often subtle or nonspecific clinical manifestations in early-stage disease, many patients are diagnosed at a locally advanced or metastatic stage, where treatment options are limited and prognosis remains poor. Therefore, molecular targeted therapy focusing on driver genes has become a key strategy to improve the survival outcomes of patients with advanced NSCLC. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is one of the most common driver genes in NSCLC. While EGFR mutations occur in approximately 12% of advanced NSCLC patients globally, the incidence rises to 55.9% in Chinese patients. Among EGFR mutations, P-loop and αC-helix compressing (PACC) mutations account for about 12.5%. Currently, EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have become the first-line standard treatment for advanced NSCLC patients with classical EGFR mutations, with efficacy well-established through clinical studies and real-world evidence. However, with rapid advancements in NSCLC precision medicine and deeper exploration of the EGFR mutation spectrum, EGFR PACC mutations have emerged as a key clinical focus. The structural characteristics of these mutations lead to significant variability in responses to EGFR TKIs, leaving therapeutic options still limited, while detection challenges persist due to the sensitivity constraints of current testing technologies, driving increasing demand for improved diagnostic and treatment approaches. The current clinical evidence primarily stems from retrospective analyses and small-scale exploratory studies, while prospective, large-scale, high-level evidence-based medical research specifically targeting this mutation subtype remains notably insufficient. This evidence gap has consequently led to the absence of standardized guidelines or expert consensus regarding optimal treatment strategies for advanced NSCLC with EGFR PACC mutations. As a clinical consensus specifically addressing EGFR PACC-mutant NSCLC, this document provides a comprehensive framework encompassing the clinical rationale for EGFR PACC mutation testing, therapeutic strategies for advanced-stage disease, management of treatment-related adverse events, and follow-up protocols. The consensus underscores the pivotal role of EGFR PACC mutation detection in precision medicine implementation while offering evidence-based recommendations to guide personalized therapeutic decision-making. By establishing clear clinical pathways encompassing molecular testing, therapeutic intervention, and long-term monitoring for EGFR PACC-mutant NSCLC, this consensus aims to meaningfully improve patient survival outcomes while serving as a robust, evidence-based foundation for developing personalized clinical management approaches.
Humans ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology* ; ErbB Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors* ; Mutation ; Lung Neoplasms/pathology* ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use* ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; Consensus

Mutations in the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) gene are recognized as significant but relatively rare driver alterations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). These mutations predominantly manifest as gene mutation, amplification, and protein overexpression, with an estimated prevalence from 2.8% to 15.4% among NSCLC patients in China. Research indicates that HER-2 mutations, particularly exon 20 insertions (ex20ins), are strongly correlated with aggressive tumor biology, poor prognosis, and limited responsiveness to immunotherapy, thereby exhibiting characteristics of "cold tumors". Overexpression and amplification of HER-2 are also indicative of a heightened risk of chemotherapy resistance and unfavorable survival outcomes, suggesting a distinct molecular subtype with unique biological behaviors. In recent years, novel antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), particularly trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd), have demonstrated groundbreaking efficacy in HER-2-mutant advanced NSCLC patients. These ADCs have shown significant clinical benefits, including high objective response rates and progression-free survival advantages, making T-DXd the first targeted therapy approved for this patient population globally. Additionally, ADCs have exhibited therapeutic potential in patients with HER-2 overexpression, thus broadening the scope of their indications. To standardize the clinical diagnosis and treatment of HER-2 variant NSCLC, the Chinese Anti-cancer Association convened multidisciplinary experts from oncology, pulmonology, thoracic surgery, pathology, and molecular diagnostics to develop this consensus based on the latest evidences from both domestic and international studies, coupled with China's clinical practice experience. This consensus focuses on the molecular characteristics, clinical significance, diagnostic strategies, treatment options, and safety management of HER-2 alterations, addressing ten critical clinical questions in a systematic manner. It is recommended that HER-2 status be routinely tested at initial diagnosis, disease progression, or recurrence in NSCLC. Mutation detection should prioritize next-generation sequencing (NGS), while protein overexpression may be assessed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) standards for gastric cancer. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is recommended for detecting HER-2 amplification. Regarding treatment, for HER-2-mutant patients, first-line therapy may involve chemotherapy with or without immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), similar to treatment approaches for driver-gene negative populations. Upon failure of first-line treatment, trastuzumab deruxtecan, may be considered as alternative therapeutic options. For patients with HER-2 overexpression, ADCs should be considered after failure of standard systemic therapy. However, the management of HER-2 amplification remains insufficiently supported by evidence, necessitating a cautious, individualized approach. The consensus also includes detailed recommendations for screening and managing adverse effects associated with ADCs, such as interstitial lung disease (ILD), emphasizing the crucial role of safety management in ensuring treatment efficacy. The publication of this consensus aims to drive the standardization of molecular diagnosis and treatment pathways for HER-2 variant NSCLC, improve clinical outcomes and quality of life for patients, and facilitate the implementation of personalized precision treatment strategies.
Humans ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology* ; Lung Neoplasms/pathology* ; Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism* ; Mutation ; Immunoconjugates/therapeutic use* ; Consensus ; Trastuzumab/therapeutic use* ; Camptothecin/analogs & derivatives*

INTRODUCTION: The high prevalence and mortality rates of breast cancer and lung cancer in Singapore necessitate robust screening programmes to enable early detection and intervention for improved patient outcomes, yet 2024 uptake and coverage remain suboptimal. This narrative review synthesises expert perspectives from a recent roundtable discussion and proposes strategies to advance breast cancer and lung cancer screening programmes. METHOD: A 2024 roundtable convened clinical practitioners, health policymakers, researchers and patient advocates discussed current challenges and opportunities for improving cancer screening in Singapore. Perspectives and insights were analysed to identify themes related to existing programme gaps, opportunities for innovation and implementation challenges. DISCUSSION: Singapore's national breast cancer screening programme has been in place for over 2 decades, yet screening uptake remains suboptimal. A national lung cancer screening programme, in contrast, is still in its early stages of implementation. Regardless, employment of risk stratification approaches that integrate genetic, demographic and lifestyle factors could enhance screening effectiveness by identifying high-risk indivi-duals, while also taking local epidemiological trends into consideration. Integration of digital health technologies, artificial intelligence and behavioural change models can enhance cancer screening uptake and accuracy to overcome barriers such as low awareness, cultural beliefs and socioeconomic factors that contribute to low participation rates. CONCLUSION Key recommendations include enhancing public awareness, refining screening guidelines, expanding access and applying innovative technologies. A coordinated effort among stakeholders is crucial to continually assess and enhance screening programmes to narrow the practice-policy gap and ultimately reduce breast cancer and lung cancer burden in Singapore.
Humans ; Singapore/epidemiology* ; Lung Neoplasms/epidemiology* ; Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology* ; Early Detection of Cancer/methods* ; Female ; Mass Screening/organization & administration*

BACKGROUND: Molecular subtyping is an essential complementarity after pathological analyses for targeted therapy. This study aimed to investigate the consistency of next-generation sequencing (NGS) results between circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)-based and tissue-based in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and identify the patient characteristics that favor ctDNA testing. METHODS: Patients who diagnosed with NSCLC and received both ctDNA- and cancer tissue-based NGS before surgery or systemic treatment in Lung Cancer Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital between December 2017 and August 2022 were enrolled. A 425-cancer panel with a HiSeq 4000 NGS platform was used for NGS. The unweighted Cohen's kappa coefficient was employed to discriminate the high-concordance group from the low-concordance group with a cutoff value of 0.6. Six machine learning models were used to identify patient characteristics that relate to high concordance between ctDNA-based and tissue-based NGS. RESULTS: A total of 85 patients were enrolled, of which 22.4% (19/85) had stage III disease and 56.5% (48/85) had stage IV disease. Forty-four patients (51.8%) showed consistent gene mutation types between ctDNA-based and tissue-based NGS, while one patient (1.2%) tested negative in both approaches. Patients with advanced diseases and metastases to other organs would be suitable for the ctDNA-based NGS, and the generalized linear model showed that T stage, M stage, and tumor mutation burden were the critical discriminators to predict the consistency of results between ctDNA-based and tissue-based NGS. CONCLUSION ctDNA-based NGS showed comparable detection performance in the targeted gene mutations compared with tissue-based NGS, and it could be considered in advanced or metastatic NSCLC.
Humans ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology* ; Circulating Tumor DNA/blood* ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods* ; Female ; Male ; Lung Neoplasms/pathology* ; Middle Aged ; Mutation/genetics* ; Aged ; Adult ; Aged, 80 and over

Definitive treatment of lung cancer with radiotherapy is challenging, as respiratory motion and anatomical changes can increase the risk of severe off-target effects during radiotherapy. Online adaptive radiotherapy (ART) is an evolving approach that enables timely modification of a treatment plan during the interfraction of radiotherapy, in response to physiologic or anatomic variations, aiming to improve the dose distribution for precise targeting and delivery in lung cancer patients. The effectiveness of online ART depends on the seamless integration of multiple components: sufficient quality of linear accelerator-integrated imaging guidance, deformable image registration, automatic recontouring, and efficient quality assurance and workflow. This review summarizes the present status of online ART for lung cancer, including key technologies, as well as the challenges and areas of active research in this field.
Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/radiotherapy* ; Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted/methods*

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of subsequent radiotherapy (RT) following first-line treatment with durvalumab plus chemotherapy in patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC). METHODS: A total of 122 patients with ES-SCLC from three hospitals during July 2019 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) analysis was performed to address potential confounding factors. The primary focus of our evaluation was to assess the impact of RT on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: After IPTW analysis, 49 patients received durvalumab plus platinum-etoposide (EP) chemotherapy followed by RT (Durva + EP + RT) and 72 patients received immunochemotherapy (Durva + EP). The median OS was 17.2 months vs . 12.3 months (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.38, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.17-0.85, P = 0.020), and the median PFS was 8.9 months vs . 5.9 months (HR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.32-0.97, P = 0.030) in Durva + EP + RT and Durva + EP groups, respectively. Thoracic radiation therapy (TRT) resulted in longer OS (17.2 months vs . 14.7 months) and PFS (9.1 months vs . 7.2 months) compared to RT directed to other metastatic sites. Among patients with oligo-metastasis, RT also showed significant benefits, with a median OS of 17.4 months vs . 13.7 months and median PFS of 9.8 months vs . 5.9 months compared to no RT. Continuous durvalumab treatment beyond progression (TBP) prolonged OS compared to patients without TBP, in both the Durva + EP + RT (NA vs . 15.8 months, HR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.14-1.63, P = 0.238) and Durva + EP groups (12.3 months vs . 4.3 months, HR: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.10-0.81, P = 0.018). Grade 3 or 4 adverse events occurred in 13 (26.5%) and 13 (18.1%) patients, respectively, in the two groups; pneumonitis was mostly low-grade. CONCLUSION Addition of RT after first-line immunochemotherapy significantly improved survival outcomes with manageable toxicity in ES-SCLC.
Humans ; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma/therapy* ; Retrospective Studies ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Lung Neoplasms/therapy* ; Aged ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use* ; Adult ; Immunotherapy/methods* ; Aged, 80 and over

With the increasing utilization of cancer therapy, the incidence of lung injury associated with these treatments continues to rise. The recognition of pulmonary toxicity related to cancer therapy has become increasingly critical, for which interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a common cause of mortality. Cancer therapy-related ILD (CT-ILD) can result from a variety of treatments including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, antibody-drug conjugates, and radiotherapy. CT-ILD may progress rapidly and even be life-threatening; therefore, prompt diagnosis and timely treatment are crucial for effective management. This review aims to provide valuable information on the risk factors associated with CT-ILD; elucidate its underlying mechanisms; discuss its clinical features, imaging, and histological manifestations; and emphasize the clinical-related views of its diagnosis. In addition, this review provides an overview of grading, typing, and staging treatment strategies used for the management of CT-ILD.
Humans ; Lung Diseases, Interstitial/diagnosis* ; Neoplasms/therapy* ; Risk Factors ; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/adverse effects* ; Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use*

Lung cancer is one of the most lethal tumors in the world with a 5-year overall survival rate of less than 20%, mainly including lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Tumor microenvironment (TME) has become a new research focus in the treatment of lung cancer. The TME is heterogeneous in composition and consists of cellular components, growth factors, proteases, and extracellular matrix. The various cellular components exert a different role in apoptosis, metastasis, or proliferation of lung cancer cells through different pathways, thus contributing to the treatment of adenocarcinoma and potentially facilitating novel therapeutic methods. This review summarizes the research progress on different cellular components with cell-cell interactions in the TME of LUAD, along with their corresponding drug candidates, suggesting that targeting cellular components in the TME of LUAD holds great promise for future theraputic development.
Humans ; Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects* ; Adenocarcinoma of Lung/drug therapy* ; Lung Neoplasms/pathology* ; Adenocarcinoma/metabolism* ; Animals ; Apoptosis/physiology*