The prevalence of Class III malocclusion varies among different countries and regions. The populations from Southeast Asian countries (Chinese and Malaysian) showed the highest prevalence rate of 15.8%, which can seriously affect oral function, facial appearance, and mental health. As anterior crossbite tends to worsen with growth, early orthodontic treatment can harness growth potential to normalize maxillofacial development or reduce skeletal malformation severity, thereby reducing the difficulty and shortening the treatment cycle of later-stage treatment. This is beneficial for the physical and mental growth of children. Therefore, early orthodontic treatment for Class III malocclusion is particularly important. Determining the optimal timing for early orthodontic treatment requires a comprehensive assessment of clinical manifestations, dental age, and skeletal age, and can lead to better results with less effort. Currently, standardized treatment guidelines for early orthodontic treatment of Class III malocclusion are lacking. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the etiology, clinical manifestations, classification, and early orthodontic techniques for Class III malocclusion, along with systematic discussions on selecting early treatment plans. The purpose of this expert consensus is to standardize clinical practices and improve the treatment outcomes of Class III malocclusion through early orthodontic treatment.
Humans ; Malocclusion, Angle Class III/classification* ; Orthodontics, Corrective/methods* ; Consensus ; Child

Objective:To explore the diagnostic value of preoperative diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) histogram parameters in the depth of invasion of early rectal cancer.Methods:A total of 180 patients with early rectal cancer admitted to 904th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army from August 2020 to August 2024 were selected as the study objects. Patients were divided into intramucosal cancer group ( n=102) and submucosal cancer group ( n=78) according to the depth of tumor invasion. The general data of the two groups were compared. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to analyze the consistency of DWI histogram parameters extracted by the two radiologists, and the differences between the two groups were compared. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the predictive value of each parameter to the depth of tumor invasion. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the independent influencing factors of invasion depth, and a predictive model was constructed. The ROC curve was drawn to analyze the predictive value of the model for tumor invasion depth, and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test was used to analyze the goodness of fit of the model. Results:There were statistically significant differences in age ( t=8.15, P<0.001), maximum tumor diameter ( χ2=29.29, P<0.001), endoscopic type ( χ2=20.96, P<0.001), histological type ( χ2=24.93, P<0.001) and differentiation degree ( χ2=73.35, P<0.001) between intramucosal cancer group and submucosal cancer group. The mean, variance, skewness, kurtosis, the 1 st, 10 th, 50 th, 90 th, and 99 th percentiles of the histogram parameters of DWI had good consistency (all ICC>0.75). There were statistically significant differences in the mean ( t=5.69, P<0.001), variance ( t=9.75, P<0.001), skewness ( t=10.88, P<0.001), kurtosis ( t=10.06, P<0.001), the 1 st percentile ( t=3.43, P<0.001), 10 th percentile ( t=3.59, P<0.001), 50 th percentile ( t=9.97, P<0.001), 90 th percentile ( t=4.63, P<0.001), and 99 th percentile ( t=2.44, P=0.016) of the DWI histogram parameters between the intramucosal cancer group and the submucosal cancer group. ROC curve analysis results showed that mean [area under the curve (AUC) =0.77], variance (AUC=0.88), skewness (AUC=0.88), kurtosis (AUC=0.78), 50 th percentile (AUC=0.86) and 90 th percentile (AUC=0.82) had certain diagnostic value for submucous cancer. Multivariate analysis showed that age ( OR=9.98, 95% CI: 1.10-90.70, P=0.041), maximum tumor diameter ( OR=7.36, 95% CI: 1.08-50.23, P=0.042), and differentiation degree ( OR=19.88, 95% CI: 1.21-327.92, P=0.037), variance ( OR=16.24, 95% CI: 2.26-116.68, P=0.006), skewness ( OR=21.13, 95% CI: 2.80-59.61, P=0.003), 1 st percentile ( OR=9.78, 95% CI: 1.17-81.76, P=0.035) were independent factors in predicting tumor invasion depth in patients with early rectal cancer. The predictive model based on the above indicators was logit ( P) =1.51+2.30×age+2.00×maximum tumor diameter+2.99×differentiation degree+2.79×variance+3.05×skewness+ 2.28×the 1 st percentile. ROC curve analysis showed that the predictive model had an AUC of 0.97 (95% CI: 0.95-0.99) for judging the occurrence of submucosal cancer in patients with early rectal cancer, the sensitivity was 0.95, and the specificity was 0.88. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test results showed that the goodness of fit of the model was ideal ( P=0.823) . Conclusions:Age, maximum tumor diameter, differentiation degree, variance, skewness, and the 1 st percentile are independent factors in predicting tumor invasion depth in patients with early rectal cancer. The predictive model constructed based on these factors can effectively predict the risk of submucosal cancer in patients with early rectal cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical characteristics and genetic etiology of a child with Oral-facial-digital syndrome type Ⅰ(OFDSⅠ). METHODS: A child with OFDSⅠ who received treatment at the Women and Children's Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University in March 2023 was selected as the study subject. A retrospective research method was used to collect the clinical data of the child. Peripheral venous blood samples were collected from the child, her parents and sister. Genomic DNA was extracted, and whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed. Candidate variants were validated using Sanger sequencing for familial verification. According to the Standards and Guidelines for the Interpretation of Sequence Variants developed by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) (hereinafter referred to as the "ACMG Guidelines"), the pathogenicity of the candidate variant was rated. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Ningbo University Affiliated Women and Children's Hospital (Ethic No.: EC 2024-063). RESULTS: The child was a prematurely born female with deformities of the oral cavity, fingers, and toes. She was admitted to the Neonatal Department of the Hospital where she was born due to shortness of breath 15 minutes after birth. The WES results indicated that the child has harbored a heterozygous c.710dup (p.Y238Vfs*2) frameshifting variant of the OFD1 gene. Sanger sequencing confirmed that neither of the child's parents nor her sister had carried the same variant. According to the ACMG guidelines, the variant was rated as pathogenic (PVS1+PS4_Moderate+PM2-Supporting+PM6_Supporting+PP4). CONCLUSION Children with OFDSⅠ have clinical features such as oral, finger, and toe deformities. The c.710dup (p.Y238Vfs*2) variant of the OFD1 gene probably underlay the OFDSⅠ in this child. Above result has enriched the mutational spectrum of the OFD1 gene.
Humans ; Female ; Orofaciodigital Syndromes/genetics* ; Exome Sequencing ; Retrospective Studies ; Mutation ; Child ; Proteins

OBJECTIVE: To explore the genetic characteristics and pathogenesis for a child with mosaicism trisomy 21 and Congenital leukemia (CL). METHODS: A child who was admitted to Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital in March 2023 was selected as the study subject. A retrospective analysis was carried out on the clinical data, laboratory test results, immunophenotyping, and genetic characteristics of the child. This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Hospital (Ethics No.: EC2024-063). RESULTS: Whole genome sequencing (WGS) revealed that the child has mosaicism trisomy of chromosome 21, with a ratio of approximately 74%. In addition, copy number variations involving multiple OMIM genes that could explain his clinical phenotype were detected and rated as pathogenic based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). No pathogenic variant was detected with the GATA1 gene. Blood immune typing of the child conformed to the immunophenotype of acute myeloid leukemia. CONCLUSION For children with trisomy 21, even in the absence of GATA1 gene variants, the occurrence of CL should be monitored, and early diagnosis and treatment are of great significance for improving the prognosis.
Child, Preschool ; Humans ; DNA Copy Number Variations/genetics* ; Down Syndrome/genetics* ; GATA1 Transcription Factor/genetics* ; Leukemia/congenital* ; Mosaicism ; Mutation ; Retrospective Studies ; Whole Genome Sequencing

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of rapamycin-eluting vertebral artery stent in the treatment of severe ostial vertebral artery stenosis(OV AS),and to analyze the incidence of postoperative in-stent restenosis(ISR).Methods A total of 96 patients with severe OVAS,who received stenting angioplasty at authors'hospital between November 2020 and May 2022,were retrospectively collected.The patients were divided into the observation group(n=48)and the control group(n=48).For the patients of the observation group implantation of rapamycin-eluting vertebral artery stent was carried out,while for the patients of the control group implantation of peripheral balloon dilatation bare metal stent(BMS)was performed.The perioperative basic data,the incidence of complications during follow-up period,and the postoperative incidence of ISR were compared between the two groups.Results Successful stent implantation was achieved in all patients of both groups.During perioperative period no complications such as transient ischemia attack(TIA),dropping-off or fracture of the stent,vertebral artery or stent-related stroke occurred.No statistically significant differences in the length and the diameter of the implanted stents,in the preoperative vertebral artery stenosis ratio,and in the postoperative residual stenosis ratio existed between the two groups(all P＞0.05).In both groups,the postoperative residual stenosis ratio was＜20％.The patients were followed up for a mean period of(12.33±5.82)months(range of 6-18 months),the incidence of postoperative vertebral artery or stent-related stroke in the observation group and the control group was 0％and 4.17％respectively,the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant(P＞0.05).The improvement of clinical symptoms such as dizziness,vertigo,etc.was observed in 47 patients of the observation group and in 45 patients of the control group,and no recurrent posterior circulation TIA or stent-related thrombotic event occurred.The incidence of postoperative restenosis in the observation group was 10.42％,which was significantly lower than 29.17％in the control group(P＜0.05).Conclusion Rapamycin-eluting vertebral artery stent can safely and effectively treat severe OVAS and reduce the incidence of postoperative ISR.(J Intervent Radiol,2024,33:275-279)

Gastric residual volume is an important factor affecting patients' enteral nutrition. Bedside ultrasound can quickly and accurately predict gastric residual volume, which helps guide enteral nutrition. This paper reviews the applicable population, construction process, predictive performance, and clinical application of the ultrasound prediction model for gastric residual volume, so as to provide reference for the construction and application of ultrasound prediction models for gastric residual volume in China.

Objective:To investigate the levels and clinical significance of insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3) in the serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Methods:Serum samples from 82 patients with RA admitted to the Affiliated Dongyang Hospital to wenzhou Medical Umiversity from December 2019 to February 2022 were collected as the experimental group and the serum of 45 healthy individuals from the physical examination center as the control group. Serum levels of IGF2BP3 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the t-test was used to compare the difference in IGF2BP3 levels between the two groups. The value of IGF2BP3 in the diagnosis of RA was analyzed by plotting a ROC curve, and after determining the cut-off value, serum IGF2BP3 levels were divided into high and low levels. The relationship between serum IGF2BP3 levels and various clinical features of RA patients was then analyzed using the chi-square test. Results:The serum levels of IGF2BP3 in RA patients were significantly higher compared to healthy controls [(0.60±0.55)ng/ml vs. (0.31±0.17)ng/ml, t=4.42, P<0.001]. The cut-off value of IGF2BP3 was determined as 0.308 ng/ml. The high level of IGF2BP3 was significantly more prevalent in active RA patients (78.8%, 41/52) than in non-active patients (56.7%, 17/30) ( χ2=4.52, P=0.033). The level of IGF2BP3 was positively correlated with the C-reactive protein level ( r=0.29, P=0.008), and the prevalence of high IGF2BP3 level in the elevated CRP group (82.0%, 41/50) was significantly higher than that in the decreased CRP group (54.8%, 17/31) ( χ2=6.94, P=0.008). The AUC of the ROC curve for serum IGF2BP3 in the diagnosis of RA was 0.700, with a sensitivity of 70.7% and a specificity of 60.0%. When using 0.575, 0.689, and 0.727 ng/ml as the cut-off values for serum IGF2BP3, the sensitivity was 34.1%, 26.8%, and 23.2%, respectively, with the specificity of 95.6%, 97.8%, and 100.0%, respectively. Conclusion:The level of serum IGF2BP3 is closely associated with RA disease progression.

Objective:To investigate the anatomic mechanism and risk factors of intracranial embolism caused by injection at temporal region.Methods:(1) Latex perfusion was performed on the vessels of 8 cranial specimens. The vessels from the superficial temporal artery to the carotid artery were dissected to measure the length, the diameter of starting point and ending point and the volume of vessels (drainage method). (2) Cranial CT angiography of 20 patients (excluding patients with cervical diseases) were obtained from the database of Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital from January 2021 to December 2022. The length, the diameter of starting point and ending point, and the volume of vessels were measured. (3) 5 plastic surgeons used pressure simulation measuring equipment to vigorously press the temporal region of the real skull model according to the clinical practice and maintain 2 s to obtain the maximum pressure value. The additional pressure on the temporal region was obtained by subtracting the common carotid artery base pressure [set at 90, 120, 150 and 200 mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa)] from the maximum pressure.Results:(1) 8 arteries were collected from 4 skull specimens. The length of vessels was (169.5±7.2) mm, the diameter of the starting point of vessel was (4.29±0.28) mm, the diameter of the ending point of vessel was (1.31±0.15) mm, and the volume was (1.56±0.21) ml. (2) There were 11 males and 9 females among 20 patients aged 23-53 years. The length of vessels was (172.2±7.6) mm, the diameter of the starting point of vessel was (5.63±0.43) mm, the diameter of the ending point of vessel was (1.77±0.16) mm, and the volume was (1.59±0.23) ml. (3) The mean value of additional pressure generated by local pressure on the temporal region by 5 physicians was (127.2±10.1) mmHg (113.8-138.6 mmHg).Conclusion:When the injection volume into the superficial temporal artery was more than 1.6 ml, the artery was damaged, and the temporal area was pressed strongly (the local pressure was more than 110 mmHg above the basic pressure), the injection material might flow into the intracranial from the junction of the common carotid artery and into the internal carotid artery, which was the possible mechanism of the temporal filling leading to intracranial embolism.

Objective:To investigate the anatomic mechanism and risk factors of intracranial embolism caused by injection at temporal region.Methods:(1) Latex perfusion was performed on the vessels of 8 cranial specimens. The vessels from the superficial temporal artery to the carotid artery were dissected to measure the length, the diameter of starting point and ending point and the volume of vessels (drainage method). (2) Cranial CT angiography of 20 patients (excluding patients with cervical diseases) were obtained from the database of Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital from January 2021 to December 2022. The length, the diameter of starting point and ending point, and the volume of vessels were measured. (3) 5 plastic surgeons used pressure simulation measuring equipment to vigorously press the temporal region of the real skull model according to the clinical practice and maintain 2 s to obtain the maximum pressure value. The additional pressure on the temporal region was obtained by subtracting the common carotid artery base pressure [set at 90, 120, 150 and 200 mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa)] from the maximum pressure.Results:(1) 8 arteries were collected from 4 skull specimens. The length of vessels was (169.5±7.2) mm, the diameter of the starting point of vessel was (4.29±0.28) mm, the diameter of the ending point of vessel was (1.31±0.15) mm, and the volume was (1.56±0.21) ml. (2) There were 11 males and 9 females among 20 patients aged 23-53 years. The length of vessels was (172.2±7.6) mm, the diameter of the starting point of vessel was (5.63±0.43) mm, the diameter of the ending point of vessel was (1.77±0.16) mm, and the volume was (1.59±0.23) ml. (3) The mean value of additional pressure generated by local pressure on the temporal region by 5 physicians was (127.2±10.1) mmHg (113.8-138.6 mmHg).Conclusion:When the injection volume into the superficial temporal artery was more than 1.6 ml, the artery was damaged, and the temporal area was pressed strongly (the local pressure was more than 110 mmHg above the basic pressure), the injection material might flow into the intracranial from the junction of the common carotid artery and into the internal carotid artery, which was the possible mechanism of the temporal filling leading to intracranial embolism.

Background Mitochondrial dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) regulates mitochondrial division and plays an important role in maintaining hepatocyte function. However, the role of DRP1 in cadmium exposure-induced maternal liver damage in pregnant mice remains unclear. Objective To investigate the role and mechanism of DRP1 in maternal liver damage induced by cadmium exposure during pregnancy. Methods This study consisted of animal experiments and cell experiments. (1) Animal experiments. Mice at 14 days of gestation were randomly divided into three groups: a control group, a low-dose cadmium group (LCd group: 2.5 mg·kg⁻¹), and a high-dose cadmium group (HCd group: 5 mg·kg⁻¹). The pregnant mice were intraperitoneally injected with cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) for 6 and 24 h in the next morning. The weights of pregnant mice, uterus, maternal liver, and fetal mice were recorded after sacrifice. Serum and liver of pregnant mice were collected, the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in serum were detected, and liver tissues were stained with HE to observe changes in liver function and liver tissue structure. The expressions of oxidative phosphorylation-related proteins, hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and DRP1 proteins in liver of pregnant mice were detected by Western blotting. (2) Cell experiments. AML12 cells were treated with CdCl₂ (10 μmol·L⁻¹) for 0, 2, 6, 12, and 24 h. The expressions of oxidative phosphorylation-related proteins, DRP1, and hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) proteins were detected. AML12 cells were pretreated with DRP1 inhibitor Mdivi-1 for 1 h and then CdCl₂ (10 μmol·L⁻¹) for 12 h to detect the expression of oxidative phosphorylation-related proteins and DRP1 protein. AML12 cells were treated with Hif-1α siRNA for 48 h and CdCl₂ (10 μmol·L⁻¹) for 6 h to detect the expression of HIF-1α and DRP1 proteins. Results The results of animal experiments showed that cadmium exposure in pregnant mice had no effects on maternal liver weight and liver coefficient. However, the histomorphological changes and necrosis in hepatocytes were observed. Compared with the control group, the serum ALT and AST levels of pregnant mice in the LCd group were significantly increased after 6 h (P＜0.05), and the levels in the HCd group were significantly increased after 6 and 24 h (P＜0.05). Cadmium exposure during pregnancy significantly up-regulated HIF-1α and DRP1 expressions and down-regulated the expressions of oxidative phosphorylation-related proteins in maternal livers. In vitro cell experiments showed that the expressions of oxidative phosphorylation-related proteins was significantly decreased and HIF-1α and DRP1 protein expressions were significantly increased in the AML12 cells treated with CdCl₂ for 6 h. Mdivi-1 pretreatment significantly antagonized the inhibitory effect of cadmium on the expressions of oxidative phosphorylation-related proteins in AML12 cells, while Hif-1α siRNA pretreatment significantly antagonized the up-regulative effect of cadmium on DRP1 expression in AML12 cells. Conclusion Cadmium exposure in pregnant mice may up-regulate DRP1 expression by activating HIF-1α signaling, then inhibit oxidative phosphorylation level of hepatic cells, and ultimately lead to maternal liver damage.