As the first defense of respiratory system,airway epi-thelial cells(AECs)play an important role in separating the re-spiratory internal and external environment.They are essential for the natural immune function.Small airway lesions are an im-portant early pathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),when AECs are exposed to harmful particles or gases for a long time,the epithelial barrier is damaged,and the signa-ling pathways which involved in differentiation,repair,and in-flammatory are disordered,resulting in epithelial cell cycle stag-nation and accelerated aging.A number of studies have sugges-ted that AECs of COPD patients express high levels of aging markers,suggesting that senescence of AECs is closely related to COPD.This review discusses the potential mechanisms of AECs senescence in COPD,the impact of AECs senescence on the de-velopment and severity of the disease,and highlights potential targets for modulating cellular senescence in airway epithelium as a therapeutic approach in COPD.

As the first defense of respiratory system,airway epi-thelial cells(AECs)play an important role in separating the re-spiratory internal and external environment.They are essential for the natural immune function.Small airway lesions are an im-portant early pathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),when AECs are exposed to harmful particles or gases for a long time,the epithelial barrier is damaged,and the signa-ling pathways which involved in differentiation,repair,and in-flammatory are disordered,resulting in epithelial cell cycle stag-nation and accelerated aging.A number of studies have sugges-ted that AECs of COPD patients express high levels of aging markers,suggesting that senescence of AECs is closely related to COPD.This review discusses the potential mechanisms of AECs senescence in COPD,the impact of AECs senescence on the de-velopment and severity of the disease,and highlights potential targets for modulating cellular senescence in airway epithelium as a therapeutic approach in COPD.

Objective:To establish a foundation for the psychological selection of air combat personnel by studying the cognitive ability measurement methods for air combat personnel.Methods:The tests were done for 390 subjects including 142 radar operators, 117 radar academy students, 45 air combat personnel, and 86 radar trainees. Based on job analysis, 5 cognitive test tasks were developed, including graphic discrimination, working memory test, target tracking, voice anti-jamming, and comprehensive management. The discrimination was evaluated by the distribution graphs and coefficients of variation of the test results. The criterion-related validity was examined by correlating the cognitive test scores with the participants' work performance or academic grades, which served as the criteria. Content validity was determined by a 9-level scoring (1-9) of task necessity that collected from 30 air combat personnel and by the assessments of necessity of tested abilities that came from 30 experts. The parallel forms reliability, test-retest reliability and split-half reliability were tested respectively according to the results of each test.Results:The original scores of each test showed approximate normal distribution. The selected indicators' coefficients of variation were 14.4%-111.0%, reliabilities were 0.764-0.827, and criterion-related validities were 0.186-0.445, all of which were statistically significant (all P<0.05). In 30 air combat personnel, 53.3%-83.3% scored 7-9 to the necessity of test items, and 93.3% of 30 experts gave the required or basically required evaluations to the test items. Conclusions:The series tests show good content validity, and discrimination, reliability and the criterion-related validity meet the requirements of psychometrics. Especially the tests of graphic discrimination, working memory and target tracking expressed higher degree of discrimination, and can be used as cognitive ability assessment tool for the selection of air combat personnel.

Objective:To establish a foundation for the psychological selection of air combat personnel by studying the cognitive ability measurement methods for air combat personnel.Methods:The tests were done for 390 subjects including 142 radar operators, 117 radar academy students, 45 air combat personnel, and 86 radar trainees. Based on job analysis, 5 cognitive test tasks were developed, including graphic discrimination, working memory test, target tracking, voice anti-jamming, and comprehensive management. The discrimination was evaluated by the distribution graphs and coefficients of variation of the test results. The criterion-related validity was examined by correlating the cognitive test scores with the participants' work performance or academic grades, which served as the criteria. Content validity was determined by a 9-level scoring (1-9) of task necessity that collected from 30 air combat personnel and by the assessments of necessity of tested abilities that came from 30 experts. The parallel forms reliability, test-retest reliability and split-half reliability were tested respectively according to the results of each test.Results:The original scores of each test showed approximate normal distribution. The selected indicators' coefficients of variation were 14.4%-111.0%, reliabilities were 0.764-0.827, and criterion-related validities were 0.186-0.445, all of which were statistically significant (all P<0.05). In 30 air combat personnel, 53.3%-83.3% scored 7-9 to the necessity of test items, and 93.3% of 30 experts gave the required or basically required evaluations to the test items. Conclusions:The series tests show good content validity, and discrimination, reliability and the criterion-related validity meet the requirements of psychometrics. Especially the tests of graphic discrimination, working memory and target tracking expressed higher degree of discrimination, and can be used as cognitive ability assessment tool for the selection of air combat personnel.

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)is a “second messenger” that regulates cell signal transduction. Adenylyl cyclases(ACs)and phosphodiesterases(PDEs)can directly regulate cAMP level in cells and then regulate the downstream signaling pathways. Increasing intracellular cAMP level can inhibit inflammation and enhance smooth muscle relaxation, which is an effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). This paper briefly summarizes the signaling pathways regulating cAMP and their mechanisms and related drugs in COPD therapy, hoping to provide references for further research and development of new target drugs which regulate cAMP for the prevention and treatment of COPD.

Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a promising therapy that has been increasingly explored in basic research and clinical applications. LIPUS is an appealing therapeutic option as it is a noninvasive treatment that has many advantages, including no risk of infection or tissue damage and no known adverse reactions. LIPUS has been shown to have many benefits including promotion of tissue healing, angiogenesis, and tissue regeneration; inhibition of inflammation and pain relief; and stimulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. The biophysical mechanisms of LIPUS remain unclear and the studies are ongoing. In recent years, more and more research has focused on the relationship between LIPUS and stem/progenitor cells. A comprehensive search of the PubMed and Embase databases to July 2020 was performed. LIPUS has many effects on stem cells. Studies show that LIPUS can stimulate stem cells in vitro; promote stem cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration; maintain stem cell activity; alleviate the problems of insufficient seed cell source, differentiation, and maturation; and circumvent the low efficiency of stem cell transplantation. The mechanisms involved in the effects of LIPUS are not fully understood, but the effects demonstrated in studies thus far have been favorable. Much additional research is needed before LIPUS can progress from basic science research to large-scale clinical dissemination and application.
Cell Proliferation ; Humans ; Signal Transduction ; Stem Cells/radiation effects* ; Ultrasonic Therapy/methods* ; Ultrasonic Waves

Objective:To explore cough cases recorded in ancient traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) books based on the Rules of Latent Structure Differentiation. Method:The 9 323 cough cases in the database of ancient TCM books and pulmonary diseases were extracted. At first, Lantern 5.0 software was used to construct the top 120 TCM hidden structure model with the frequency>100. Then, the obtained hidden variables were comprehensively clustered and interpreted. Result:The 46 hidden variables and 114 hidden classes were obtained through the modeling of 120 traditional Chinese medicines. According to the bayesian information measure (BIC) score, the model score was -161 242.92. The model diagram was formed with Y0, Y5, Y7, Y13, Y35 and Y38 as the cores, and Y36, Y38, Y24, Y19 and Y17 involved 4 hidden classes. Ten comprehensive clustering models were summarized according to the hidden structure flow chart, among which the highest score of Z5 external cold and internal decoction syndrome was 8.4, indicating that the result of syndrome differentiation rules of Z5 had a high degree of support, and the highest mutual information degree and information coverage of Pinellia sinensis were 0.31 and 63%. Z2 had a low score for the syndrome of deficiency of lung qi and Yin, which was -2， and Schisandra had the lowest score of -15, indicating that the syndrome differentiation rules of Z2 was less supportive. Forsythia and Notopterygium both had the highest score of Z6 wind-heat attack lung syndrome and Z10 phlegm and blood-stasis pulmonary syndrome, which was 19.1, indicating that these two TCMs had a great contribution to it. According to the test, the common syndromes of cough were cold and dryness attacking the lung, kidney-Yin deficiency, kidney-Yin deficiency of the lung, cold and internal decoction, wind heat invading the lung, liver fire invading the lung, lung heat burning, phlegm-dampness blocking the lung, phlegm-stasis blocking the lung. The newly discovered cough syndromes were external cold and internal rheum syndrome and phlegm-stasis blocking the lung syndrome. Conclusion:Based on the syndrome differentiation rules of hidden structure, the improved classification of cough syndromes provides ideas for the demonstration of tacit knowledge of TCM and methodological reference for the improvement of syndromes of other diseases, and is conducive to the development of valuable new prescriptions.