Community-acquired pneumonia （CAP） refers to an infectious inflammation of the lung parenchyma （including the alveolar wall，that is，the broad pulmonary interstitium） acquired outside the hospital. Its common pathogens include streptococcus pneumoniae，respiratory viruses， mycoplasma pneumoniae， and so on. The related factors for the occurrence and development of CAP include patient characteristics （immune function，mucus production and clearance function，coagulation function，physical condition， and comorbidity） and pathogen characteristics （susceptibility，virulence，and antibiotic resistance）. The pathogenesis of CAP lies in immune deficiency，pathogen invasion，inflammatory response disorder，mucus production and clearance disorder， coagulation disorder， and so on. The pathogenesis of CAP in traditional Chinese medicine can be described as "vital Qi deficiency and toxic stasis". Vital Qi deficiency （lack of immunity） is the potential pathogenesis of the disease and easy to be invaded by external pathogens （respiratory pathogens）. Toxic stasis （inflammatory disorder，mucus production and clearance disorder，and coagulation dysfunction） is the key pathogenic factor. Vital Qi deficiency and toxic stasis are intermingled in a state of deficiency and excess，which suggests that the treatment of CAP lies in strengthening vital Qi and eliminating pathogenic factors. This involves strengthening vital Qi in the whole process to consolidate body resistance and nourish promordial Qi. It also involves clearing heat，eliminating phlegm，removing dampness，and dispelling stasis to dispel pathogenic toxins based on the syndrome differentiation. Its action mechanism is to regulate immune and inflammatory responses，resist pathogens，and improve mucus production and clearance， as well as coagulation disorders. Starting from the key pathogenesis of CAP，"vital Qi deficiency and toxic stasis"， this paper discussed the pathogenesis of CAP and summarized the action mechanism of vital Qi strengthening for detoxification in its treatment. It is intended to complement the theoretical system by identifying "vital Qi deficiency and toxic stasis" as the key pathogenesis underlying CAP and the scientific connotation of treating CAP with vital Qi strengthening for detoxification，thereby providing insights for its clinical application.

Objective:To investigate the clinical application value of intraoperative frozen section (IFS) pathology in assessing the status of residual tissue margins during robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RARP).Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 26 patients from January 2024 to October 2024. The average age was (69.3±7.9) years, with an average BMI of (24.7±2.5) kg/m 2. The average preoperative PSA level was (22.7±23.0) ng/ml, and the average prostate volume was (37.4±16.1) ml. The PI-RADS scores were as follows: 15.4% (4/26) of the patients scored 3, 42.3% (11/26) scored 4, and 42.3% (11/26) scored 5, with an average PI-RADS score of (4.2±0.7). Preoperative clinical staging included 1 case of cT 1, 21 cases of cT 2, and 4 cases of cT 3. Biopsy pathology revealed Gleason scores of 6 in 19.2% (5/26) of the patients, 7 in 26.9% (7/26), 8 in 26.9% (7/26), 9 in 23.1% (6/26), and 10 in 3.9% (1/26). The overall positive biopsy core rate was 38.4% (184/479). All patients underwent RARP at our institution, and IFS was performed on residual margins at suspicious lesion sites identified by multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) during surgery. If the IFS result was positive, extended resection was performed, followed by a second IFS, until the maximum anatomical limit was reached or a negative margin was achieved. Finally, the resected prostate was examined using large-section histopathology, and the accuracy of IFS in assessing margin status was analyzed by comparing it with the large-section histopathology results. Results:Among the 26 patients, 11 had positive margins indicated by IFS or postoperative large-section histopathology. Of these, 6 patients showed positive surgical margins (PSM) on IFS, and after further extended resection, subsequent IFS results were negative. In 63.6% (7/11) of the patients, the margin results from IFS were consistent with those from postoperative large-section histopathology. Two patients had positive margins on IFS, which turned negative after further extended resection. Although postoperative large-section histopathology indicated positive margins at the posterior prostate, secondary IFS showed no residual tumor tissue, and postoperative PSA levels were all below 0.2 ng/ml. Another two patients had negative margins on IFS, but postoperative large-section histopathology revealed positive margins at some corresponding sites, with subsequent PSA levels also below 0.2 ng/ml.Conclusions:IFS can rapidly and accurately assess the margin status of residual tissue, to some extent avoiding the occurrence of positive margins.

Background:Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge,commonly known as"Danshen"in China due to the distinctive red color of its roots,is one of the most widely used traditional Chinese medicines.It is cultivated in various regions across China,and environmental differences among these regions can affect the secondary metabolites of plants,thereby influencing the quality of S.miltiorrhiza.In recent years,increasing demand for S.miltiorrhiza has exacerbated the problem of origin fraud.Therefore,ensuring the authenticity of its geo-graphical origin is crucial for the sustainable development of the industry.Objective:The red coloration of S.miltiorrhiza is closely associated with the content of its primary active compounds,particularly tanshinones.Therefore,both its internal chemical composition and external color characteristics serve as key indicators for quality assessment.This study utilized hyperspectral imaging technology to evaluate its potential in classifying the geographical origin of S.miltiorrhiza.Methods:Spectral data reflecting the internal chemical properties of S.miltiorrhiza were integrated with color information represent-ing its external features through 3 levels of data fusion.These fused datasets were then combined with deep learning algorithms to achieve accurate origin classification.Results:The results demonstrated that the Transformer model combined with soft-voting decision-level fusion achieved the highest classification accuracy of 98.72％by integrating image color and short-wave infrared spectral data.Conclusion:This study demonstrates that integrating hyperspectral imaging spectral data with color information provides a reliable and innovative approach for verifying the authenticity and traceability of S.miltiorrhiza.

BACKGROUND:Oligodendrocyte precursor cells are seed cells for the treatment of white matter damage diseases.Establishing an efficient and stable in vitro differentiation method is an important prerequisite for clinical translational research.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of fibronectin on biological characteristics such as proliferation,migration,and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells derived from human neural stem cells.METHODS:Human neural stem cells cultured in suspension were digested into single cells using Accutase.The expression of specific markers Nestin,Sox2,Vimentin,CD133,and Musashi was detected by flow cytometry.The single cells of human neural stem cells were resuspended in oligodendrocyte precursor cell medium and seeded in six-well plates coated with different concentrations of fibronectin(0,1,2.5,5,and 10 μg/mL).Accutase digestion was performed after 7 days of culture.Cells were counted by trypan staining.Fibronectin-coated group with the strongest amplification ability and the oligodendrocyte precursor cells without fibronectin-coated group were selected for further tests.The migration ability of the two groups of cells was detected by Transwell.Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of Olig2,Sox10,and PDGFR-α.Oligodendrocyte precursor cells were induced to differentiate into oligodendrocytes for 3 weeks,and the expression of Galc in differentiated cells was detected by immunofluorescence staining.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)H uman neural stem cells grew in suspension spheres.Flow cytometry showed that human neural stem cells highly expressed Nestin,Sox2,Vimentin,CD133,and Musashi.(2)The cell bodies of oligodendrocyte precursor cells induced by human neural stem cells were round or oval,with strong refractive nature and bipolar or tertiary protrusions.Compared with the 0 μg/mL fibronectin coating group,there was a significant difference in the amplification ability of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the 2.5,5,and 10 μg/mL fibronectin coating groups(P＜0.05).The amplification ability of oligodendrocyte precursor cells was the strongest when the fibronectin concentration was 10 μg/mL.(3)Flow cytometry results showed that the oligodendrocyte precursor cell markers 0Iig2,Sox10,and PDGFR-α were highly expressed in the 0 and 10 μg/mL fibronectin coating groups,and there was no significant difference between the two groups(P＞0.05).(4)Transwell chamber assay results showed that compared with the 0 μg/mL fibronectin-coated group,the migration ability of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the 10 μg/mL fibronectin-coated group was increased(P＜0.01).(5)After 3 weeks of differentiation into oligodendrocytes,oligodendrocyte precursor cells showed complex morphology with multiple branches,grids or membrane sheets.Immunofluorescence staining results showed that there was no statistical difference in the Galc positive rate of oligodendrocytes between the two groups(P＞0.05).These findings indicate that when the concentration of fibronectin coated well plate is 10 μg/mL,the proliferation and migration of oligodendrocyte precursor cells are the strongest,but it does not affect the expression of oligodendrocyte precursor cells-specific markers Olig2,Sox10,and PDGFR-α and their differentiation into oligodendrocytes.

AIM:We investigated the survival,migration and differentiation abilities of human oligodendro-cyte precursor cells(hOPC)in the brains of mice with vascular dementia(VaD),the effects of hOPC on cerebral white matter,and the underlying mechanisms.METHODS:Mouse VaD model was constructed using the bilateral common ca-rotid artery stenosis method,and the mice were randomly divided into sham,VaD and hOPC groups.Eight weeks after model establishment,the mice in VaD and hOPC groups received equal volume of vehicle(PBS)and hOPC solution,re-spectively,through the corpus callosum.Survival,migration and differentiation of hOPC in the brain were observed by im-munofluorescence staining at 4 and 12 weeks after transplantation.Twelve weeks after transplantation,the effects of hOPC on mouse brain white matter were detected by immunofluorescence staining of myelin basic protein(MBP),myelin-associ-ated glycoprotein(MAG),neurofilament protein 200(NF200)and non-phosphorylated neurofilament H(using monoclo-nal antibody SMI32),and by water maze experiments.Paracrine signaling by hOPC was explored using immunofluores-cence staining for vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF).RESULTS:The hOPC survived in the brains of VaD mice for 12 weeks,migrated to damaged white matter areas,and partially differentiated into mature oligodendrocytes(approxi-mately 64%).Twelve weeks after transplantation,hOPC significantly increased the fluorescence intensity of MBP,MAG,and NF200(P<0.05 or P<0.01)and decreased the fluorescence intensity of SMI32(P<0.01).The VEGF expression in hOPC-treated mice was significantly higher than that in sham and VaD groups(P<0.01).The difference in water maze test performance between hOPC and sham groups was not statistically significant(P>0.05).The mice in hOPC group had a shorter latency than those in VaD group(P<0.05 or P<0.01),and performed more platform crossings than those in VaD group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:The hOPC can survive,migrate and differentiate in the brains of VaD mice,attenuate cerebral white matter lesions,and improve cognitive function.These improvements may be attributed to cell replacement and paracrine effects.

To explore the impacts of TGR5 on liver lipid metabolism and bile acid synthesis in dairy cows with fatty liver.Liver tissues of healthy cows and cows with fatty liver were collected through puncture technique.The protein and mRNA expressions of lipid synthesis-related factors ACC1,FAS,SREBF1,lipid oxidation factor CPT1A,and bile acid synthesis-related factors CYP8B1,CYP7B1,CYP27A1 were detected by Western blot and fluorescent quantitative PCR.Moreover,the mRNA levels of CYP7B1 were determined.Primary hepatocytes of 1-day-old calves were extracted and cultured in vitro,and four treatment groups were established,namely Control,NEFA,INT-777,and the INT-777+NEFA group.The concentration of NEFA group was 1.2 mmol/L,the con-centration of INT-777 group was 1 μmol/L,and the concentration of INT-777+NEFA group was 1.2 mmol/L NEFA and 1 μmol/L INT-777 simultaneously.After 12 h of stimulation,cells were collected,and the protein and mRNA levels of ACC1,FAS,SREBF1,CPT1A,CYP8B1,CYP7A1,CYP27A1,and the mRNA levels of CYP7B1 were detected by Western blot and fluorescent quanti-tative PCR.The content of lipid droplets and TG in the cells were detected by flow cytometry and kit.The results demonstrated that compared with healthy cows,the protein and mRNA expressions of ACC1,FAS,SREBF1,CYP8B1,and CYP7A1 in the liver tissues of fatty liver cows were upreg-ulated,while the protein and mRNA levels of CPT1 A,CYP27A1,TGR5,and the mRNA levels of CYP7B1 were downregulated.In vitro experiments revealed that compared with the Control group,the protein and mRNA levels of ACC1,FAS,SREBF1,CYP8B1,and CYP7A1 in the NEFA group were upregulated,and the protein and mRNA levels of CPT1A,CYP27A1,and TGR5,as well as the mRNA level of CYP7B1,were downregulated.Compared with the NEFA group,the protein and mRNA levels of ACC1,FAS,SREBF1,CYP8B1,CYP7A1 were downregulated in the INT-777+NEFA group,while the protein and mRNA levels of CPT1A CYP27A1,and TGR5 as well as the mRNA level of CYP7B1,were upregulated.The results of flow cytometry and the kit indicated that the lipid droplets and TG content in the NEFA group were upregulated compared with the Control group,while the lipid droplets and TG content in the INT-777+NEFA group were downregulated compared with the NEFA group.The above results suggested that the addition of TGR5 agonist promoted the expression of TGR5 and ameliorated the abnormal lipid metabolism and bile acid synthesis in the liver of dairy cows with fatty liver.

With the increasing utilization of cancer therapy, the incidence of lung injury associated with these treatments continues to rise. The recognition of pulmonary toxicity related to cancer therapy has become increasingly critical, for which interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a common cause of mortality. Cancer therapy-related ILD (CT-ILD) can result from a variety of treatments including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, antibody-drug conjugates, and radiotherapy. CT-ILD may progress rapidly and even be life-threatening; therefore, prompt diagnosis and timely treatment are crucial for effective management. This review aims to provide valuable information on the risk factors associated with CT-ILD; elucidate its underlying mechanisms; discuss its clinical features, imaging, and histological manifestations; and emphasize the clinical-related views of its diagnosis. In addition, this review provides an overview of grading, typing, and staging treatment strategies used for the management of CT-ILD.
Humans ; Lung Diseases, Interstitial/diagnosis* ; Neoplasms/therapy* ; Risk Factors ; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/adverse effects* ; Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use*

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the efficacy and safety of decitabine-based myeloablative preconditioning regimen for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). METHODS: The clinical characteristics and efficacy of 115 AML patients who underwent allo-HSCT at the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from August 2018 to August 2022 were retrospectively analyzed, including 37 patients treated with decitabine conditioning regimen (decitabine group) and 78 patients without decitabine conditioning regimen (non-decitabine group). The cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR), overall survival (OS), leukemia-free survival (LFS), non-relapse mortality (NRM) and graft versus host disease (GVHD) were analyzed. RESULTS: For the patients in first complete remission (CR1) state before allo-HSCT, the 1-year relapse rates of decitabine group(22 cases) and non-decitabine group(69 cases) were 9.1% and 29.6%, respectively, the difference was statistically significant(P =0.042). The 1-year cumulative incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) in decitabine group and non-decitabine group was 62.2% and 70.5%, respectively, and the 1-year cumulative incidence of chronic inhibitor-versus-host disease (cGVHD) was 18.9% and 14.1%, respectively, there were no significant differences in the incidence of aGVHD and cGVHD between the two groups (P >0.05). Of the 115 patients, there were no significantly differences in the 1-year CIR(21.7% vs 28.8%, P =0.866), NRM(10.9% vs 3.9%, P =0.203), OS(75.2% vs 83.8%, P =0.131) and LFS(74.6% vs 69.1%, P =0.912) between the decitabine group(37 cases) and the non-decitabine group(78 cases). CONCLUSION Decitabine-based conditioning regimen could reduce the relapse rate of AML CR1 patients with good safety.
Humans ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy* ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/methods* ; Decitabine/therapeutic use* ; Transplantation Conditioning/methods* ; Retrospective Studies ; Graft vs Host Disease ; Transplantation, Homologous ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Adolescent ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Bushen Huoxue Granule on the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in an in vitro model of Parkinson's disease. METHODS: After treated with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP⁺, 1 mmol/L) for 24 h, the cells were incubated with drug-free serum, Madopar-containing serum or Bushen Huoxue Granule-containing serum (BCS, 5%, 10%, and 20%) for another 24 h. The levels of α-synuclein (α-syn), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and UPS-related proteins were detected by Western blot. The expression levels of α-syn in PC12 cells were also analyzed by Western blot after treated with proteasome inhibitor MG132 and WT-α-syn plasmid transfection, respectively, as well as the alterations induced by subsequent BCS intervention. Immunocytochemistry was performed to determine the changes in α-syn phosphorylation at serine 129 (pSer129-α-syn) expression. The 20S proteasome levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbnent assay. RESULTS: BCS (volume fraction ⩽20%) intervention could alleviate the MMP⁺-induced cell viability decrease (P<0.05). In the MPP⁺ treated cells, α-syn was up-regulated, while TH and proteins of UPS such as ubiquitin (Ub), Ub binding with Ub-activating enzyme (UBE1), Parkin and Ub C-terminal hydrolase-1 (UCHL-1) were down-regulated (P<0.05). BCS intervention could attenuate the above changes (P<0.05). The activity of BCS on blocking α-syn accumulation was weakened by MG132 (P<0.05). While α-syn level was significantly increased in cells transfected with plasmid, and reduced by BCS intervention (P<0.05). pSer129-α-syn was increased in MPP⁺-induced PC12 cells, whereas decreased by later BCS intervention (P<0.05). The 20S proteasome activity of MPP⁺-induced PC12 cells was decreased, but increased after BCS intervention (P<0.05). CONCLUSION BCS intervention protected UPS function, increased 20S proteasome activity, promoted pathological α-syn clearance, restored cell viability, and reversed the damage caused by MPP⁺ in the in vitro model of Parkinson's disease.
PC12 Cells ; alpha-Synuclein/metabolism* ; Rats ; Animals ; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium/toxicity* ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Ubiquitin/metabolism* ; Cell Survival/drug effects* ; Phosphorylation/drug effects* ; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/metabolism*

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology in accelerating drug discovery and development within natural medicines research. Natural medicines, characterized by their complex chemical compositions and multifaceted pharmacological mechanisms, demonstrate widespread application in treating diverse diseases. However, research and development face significant challenges, including component complexity, extraction difficulties, and efficacy validation. AI technology, particularly through deep learning (DL) and machine learning (ML) approaches, enables efficient analysis of extensive datasets, facilitating drug screening, component analysis, and pharmacological mechanism elucidation. The implementation of AI technology demonstrates considerable potential in virtual screening, compound optimization, and synthetic pathway design, thereby enhancing natural medicines' bioavailability and safety profiles. Nevertheless, current applications encounter limitations regarding data quality, model interpretability, and ethical considerations. As AI technologies continue to evolve, natural medicines research and development will achieve greater efficiency and precision, advancing both personalized medicine and contemporary drug development approaches.
Biological Products/pharmacology* ; Artificial Intelligence ; Humans ; Drug Discovery/methods* ; Machine Learning ; Deep Learning