Introduction: This study highlights the importance of access to treatment services and medicines. Research has shown that a significant portion of direct expenses for individuals who are not covered by health insurance is allocated to treatment, diagnostics, and medication costs, indicating issues with the accessibility and quality of health services.
According to the World Health Organization recommendations, if out-of-pocket health expenses exceed 25% of total health financing, it heightens the risk of deepening poverty and creates inequalities related to income.
Although policies and programs aimed at increasing access to subsidized medicines are being implemented, the expected outcomes and actual implementation of these initiatives have not fully met the health needs of the entire population.
Therefore, addressing these issues is essential. For instance, improving the regulation of medicine prices, ensuring adequate supply, and enhancing the subsidy system may be necessary steps moving forward. Methods: This study was conducted using a cross sectional design, employing methods such as document analysis, comparative study, and synthesis.
The list of discounted medicines provided by the health insurance fund includes 650 items from 161 manufacturers across 40 countries. Among these medicines, 7% have expired registration, 9% have been removed from registration, 11% are out of stock, and 73% are supplied normally. Of the medicines listed, 7% are domestic, and 93% are imported, with 39% coming from Asian countries and 54% from European countries, indicating a high reliance on imports for medicine supply and accessibility. A study of the medicines supplied by the pharmaceutical supply organizations shows that 16.5% of the prices are above the maximum price set by the health insurance fund, indicating the need for establishing medicine prices based on research and evidence. Conclusion Out of the 650 types of medicines registered in the list of subsidized medicines, 27% are in a status of expired, removed, or out of stock. The price from the pharmaceutical supply organizations exceeds the upper limit of the subsidized medicine prices set by the insurance fund, covering 83.5% of the total group of medicines.
Therefore, it is necessary to update the list of subsidized medicines from the health insurance fund based on research and evidence.

Introduction: Considering that the population density, social stress and frustrations, environmental and air pollution, and diseases directly related to unhealthy lifestyle are high, it is necessary to ensure the protection and support of public health, and to improve the quality and accessibility of localized healthcare services evenly, which in turn must meet the satisfaction of clients and professionals.
Statistical data indicates that between 2022-2023, a total of 2595 pharmacies operated in Mongolia, including 268 (10.3%) first-level pharmacies, 2178 (83.9%) second-level pharmacies, and 149 (5.7%) circulating pharmacies. In the first quarter of 2024, a total of 2916 pharmacies are active, comprising 249 (8.5%) first-level, 2531 (86.8%) second-level, and 136 (4.5%) circulating pharmacies. Based on these statistical figures, the number of pharmacies has been increasing year by year, making it necessary to study the satisfaction levels of professionals and clients. Methods: The satisfaction survey of pharmacy customers and pharmaceutical professionals was conducted using a single-stage sampling method. The sample size was calculated considering the representativeness of the population using the Surveysystem calculator and proportional allocation methods with a table for accurate estimation. Data collection was carried out between the second quarter of 2024 and the first quarter of 2025, using two types of questionnaires based on the SERVQUAL model, with five likert-scale measures, along with informed consent forms.
The survey was conducted among pharmacy staff and customers in Ulaanbaatar districts: Bayangol, Baganuur, Bagakhangai, Nalaikh, Sukhbaatar, Chingeltei, Khan-Uul, Songinokhairkhan, and Bayanzurkh, using random sampling methods. Data processing was performed with microsoft excel and spss 25.0.
A total of 1381 participants were involved, including n=997 pharmacists and n=384 customers from nine districts of Ulaanbaatar, to evaluate and analyze satisfaction levels. The findings are as follows: Among the customers who participated in the survey, 45.8% (176) were male and 54.2% (208) were female. A total of (n=384) customers took part in the study, of whom 67.7% (260) reported being satisfied with the pharmacy services the highest proportion in the dataset. Examining satisfaction by age group showed that customers under 25 years old (94) and those aged 26–35 (70) were satisfied with the services.
In the survey on job satisfaction among pharmacy professionals, 11.9% (124) of respondents were male and 83.9% (873) were female. When evaluating the job satisfaction of professionals across districts (n=997), no major differences were observed between districts. However, the proportion of respondents who reported being “Very satisfied” and “Satisfied” were relatively higher in the following districts: Bayangol at 10.3% (103), Khan-Uul at 7.9% (79), Bayanzurkh at 11.1% (111), Sukhbaatar at 7.02% (70), and Songinokhairkhan at 8.4% (84). By age group, the highest levels of job satisfaction were seen among professionals aged 26–35 (52.4%, 230) and 36–45 (55.2%, 112). Conclusion
1. Among the 384 clients involved in the study, 67.7% (n=260) were satisfied with the pharmacy services, assistance, and environment.
2. When assessing the job satisfaction of pharmacists, 77.4% (n=772) of the 997 pharmacists across 9 districts reported being confident in their career choice and “Satisfied” or “Very satisfied”.

Introduction: Systematic analysis of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is essential for enhancing drug safety policies in Mongolia. This study analyzed ADR patterns and reporting trends between 2020 and 2025. Methods: This study employed a retrospective cross-sectional design using ADR reports recorded between 2020 and 2025. The dataset included variables such as drug name, drug classification, clinical manifestations of ADRs, and affected organ systems. Data were entered into Microsoft Excel and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Drugs were classified according to the World Health Organization (WHO) Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system, and ADRs were analyzed at the organ system level. Conclusion Analysis of 634 reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in Mongolia from 2020 to 2025 showed that antibiotics, particularly third-generation cephalosporins, accounted for the majority of ADRs. According to Hartwig’s severity assessment, 70–80% of ADRs were mild, 15–20% moderate, and 5% severe, indicating that while most reactions did not require intervention, a small proportion could be lifethreatening. These findings highlight the need to strengthen pharmacovigilance systems, improve ADR reporting, and enhance the quality of data in Mongolia.

Introduction There are determined that three species of Paeoniaceae Raf in Mongolia. Paeonia anomala L, Paeonia lactiflora Pall, and Paeonia intermedia C.A. Mey. The researchers of our country conducted a detailed chemical study of the medicinal raw materials of Paeonia anomala L and Paeonia lactiflora Pall. As a result of a relative study widely of the chemical composition of medicinal raw materials, it was found that they contain simple phenolic compounds, flavonoids, monoterpene glycosides, and tannins. However, it was found that there are biologically active compounds in the raw materials of Paeonia anomala L. It is essential to establish, explain, and study in detail the action of the leading chemical compounds and secondary compounds contained in the Paeonia anomala L, which are essential in traditional medicine treatment and are part of the prescription. In our study, ellagic acid, gallic acid, brevifolin carboxylic acid, and 1-O-galloyl-6 O-luteoyl-α-D-glucopyranose were isolated from the roots of the Paeonia anomala L. Among them, brevifolin carboxylic acid and 1-O-galloyl-6-O-luteoyl-α-D-glucopyranose were newly identified for the first time. These compounds have been found to be effective in treating liver disease. On the other hand, the traditional medicinal use of Paeonia anomala L is used as an important medicinal raw material for the treatment of ulcers, urinary tract stones, and dysentery. It is also used as a tonic for women in Chinese medicine. In traditional Mongolian medicine, Paeonia anomala L is used to improve men’s vitality and erectile function.

Introduction: The pharmaceutical supply sector is one of the essential components of healthcare services. Numerous international studies have noted that healthcare professionals receive relatively low salaries compared to the amount of time and effort they dedicate to their work. This discrepancy has led to a growing trend of professionals shifting to other sectors. A major focus of healthcare reforms has been on improving work time allocation, performance evaluation, and increasing institutional efficiency. A heavy workload among pharmacy professionals can negatively affect job performance, service quality, and safety. Although current legal frameworks provide additional compensation for professional qualifications and working under hazardous conditions, studies have shown that they do not sufficiently evaluate actual work performance, time spent on tasks, knowledge, or experience. While several international research efforts have explored methods to improve pharmacy professionals’ time management, there is a lack of such studies in Mongolia. This gap has provided the basis for conducting a study on work time utilization among pharmacy professionals working in public service pharmacies in Ulaanbaatar. Methods: This study covered 343 pharmacy professionals working in public service pharmacies across six districts of Ulaanbaatar city. A survey method was employed, and data collection was conducted between December 1, 2024, and February 12, 2025. Data were entered using Microsoft Excel and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: When comparing the daily working hours of pharmacy professionals by pharmacy classification, no statistically significant difference was observed between first and second class pharmacies in terms of time spent on core duties, preparatory tasks, or break and leisure time. Thursday was identified as the busiest day of the week, with 90.6% client engagement. Certain key responsibilities performed by pharmacy professionals such as dispensing prescription and non-prescription medicines, cleaning, and operating sterilization equipment were not included in the official job descriptions, indicating the need to revise and improve the standard job description templates. Conclusion According to our study, prescription pharmacists in community pharmacies spend 60.3% of their working hours on core tasks, 47.1% on preparatory tasks, and 6.1% on rest or free time. The findings indicate that pharmacists mainly focus on core duties, while some responsibilities specified in the job description are not being carried out, highlighting the need to update the standard job description.