ObjectiveTo analyze the diversity and structural characteristics of microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil of healthy and diseased Andrographis paniculata and to explore the interactions of soil， plants， and microorganisms during the occurrence of diseases. MethodsThe physicochemical properties of the rhizosphere soil of healthy and diseased A.paniculata were determined， and the composition and diversity of bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere soil were analyzed by Illumina high-throughput sequencing. Furthermore， the correlations between physicochemical properties and microorganisms of the rhizosphere soil were explored. ResultsThe content of total nitrogen， total potassium， and available potassium in the rhizosphere soil of diseased A. paniculata was significantly higher than that of healthy A. paniculata. The alpha diversity and richness （operational taxonomic units） of bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere soil of diseased plants decreased compared with those of healthy plants. The microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil of healthy and diseased A. paniculata showed similar composition but different relative abundance. At the phylum level， the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Chytridiomycota significantly increased， while that of Bacteroidota significantly decreased in the rhizosphere soil of diseased plants. At the genus level， the relative abundance of Sphingomonas， Pseudomonas， and Bryobacter significantly increased， while that of RB41 showed a significant decrease in the rhizosphere soil of diseased plants. The correlation analysis showed different correlations of microbial phyla with physicochemical properties of the rhizosphere soil between healthy and diseased plants. Organic matter， alkaline nitrogen， available phosphorus， and total potassium were correlated with the relative abundance of some dominant bacterial and fungal phyla in the rhizosphere soil of healthy plants， while available nitrogen and total phosphorus were correlated with the relative abundance of some dominant bacterial and fungal phyla in the rhizosphere soil of diseased plants. ConclusionThere are differences in the diversity and richness of microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil of healthy and diseased A. paniculata. The physicochemical properties of soil may have an impact on the rhizosphere microorganisms of A. paniculata， leading to the development of diseases. The results provide a scientific basis for the prevention and ecological management of A. paniculata diseases.

ObjectiveTo analyze the diversity and structural characteristics of microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil of healthy and diseased Andrographis paniculata and to explore the interactions of soil， plants， and microorganisms during the occurrence of diseases. MethodsThe physicochemical properties of the rhizosphere soil of healthy and diseased A.paniculata were determined， and the composition and diversity of bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere soil were analyzed by Illumina high-throughput sequencing. Furthermore， the correlations between physicochemical properties and microorganisms of the rhizosphere soil were explored. ResultsThe content of total nitrogen， total potassium， and available potassium in the rhizosphere soil of diseased A. paniculata was significantly higher than that of healthy A. paniculata. The alpha diversity and richness （operational taxonomic units） of bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere soil of diseased plants decreased compared with those of healthy plants. The microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil of healthy and diseased A. paniculata showed similar composition but different relative abundance. At the phylum level， the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Chytridiomycota significantly increased， while that of Bacteroidota significantly decreased in the rhizosphere soil of diseased plants. At the genus level， the relative abundance of Sphingomonas， Pseudomonas， and Bryobacter significantly increased， while that of RB41 showed a significant decrease in the rhizosphere soil of diseased plants. The correlation analysis showed different correlations of microbial phyla with physicochemical properties of the rhizosphere soil between healthy and diseased plants. Organic matter， alkaline nitrogen， available phosphorus， and total potassium were correlated with the relative abundance of some dominant bacterial and fungal phyla in the rhizosphere soil of healthy plants， while available nitrogen and total phosphorus were correlated with the relative abundance of some dominant bacterial and fungal phyla in the rhizosphere soil of diseased plants. ConclusionThere are differences in the diversity and richness of microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil of healthy and diseased A. paniculata. The physicochemical properties of soil may have an impact on the rhizosphere microorganisms of A. paniculata， leading to the development of diseases. The results provide a scientific basis for the prevention and ecological management of A. paniculata diseases.

Objective To explore the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of transesophageal endoscopic surgery for mediastinal tumors. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 17 patients who underwent transesophageal endoscopic resection for benign mediastinal tumors at the Endoscopy Center of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2024. Epidemiological characteristics, surgical parameters, adverse events, and follow-up outcomes were analyzed. Results Among the 17 patients, there were 9 males and 8 females, with an average age of (42.4±14.5) years and an average tumor size of (2.6±1.6) cm. Pathological types included esophageal duplication cysts (6 cases, 35.3%), bronchogenic cysts (5 cases, 29.4%), gastroenteric cysts (3 cases, 17.6%), schwannomas (2 cases, 11.8%), and lymphangioma (1 case, 5.9%). Fourteen patients (82.4%) underwent submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection (STER), 3 patients (17.6%) underwent natural orifice transluminal endoscopic mediastinal surgery. All surgeries were successfully completed without conversion to open surgery. En bloc resection was achieved in 11 patients (64.7%), with an average operative time of (60.9±32.6) min. No intraoperative bleeding or mucosal injury occurred, and 4 patients (23.5%) experienced minor complications (pneumothorax, fever, recurrent laryngeal nerve injury), all of which resolved with conservative treatment. The average postoperative hospital stay was (3.2±1.5) days, and no recurrence was observed during the follow-up period. Conclusions Transesophageal endoscopic resection of benign mediastinal tumors is a safe, effective, and minimally invasive treatment method. Further validation of its efficacy and safety through large-scale prospective studies is warranted.

Amblyopia is a common visual development disorder and is the main cause of monocular vision impairment in children and adults. Photobiomodulation(PBM), a non-invasive treatment method, has gradually gained attention in the field of ophthalmology. This paper begins with the macroscopic manifestation of light on the animal model of amblyopia. Additionally, it discusses the pathological changes of the amblyopic retina and the human eye's central nervous system, as well as the influence and mechanism of PBM on the visual perception and processing system and its chemical effect on the visual system through dopamine and melatonin. It examines its mechanism of action, current clinical application status, and future development direction in order to provide new ideas and theoretical foundation for amblyopia treatment.

In this study， bibliometric methods were used to systematically investigate the name and origin， the evolution of prescription composition， dose evolution， origin and processing method， decoction method， ancient application， modified application， modern application and other information of Huoxiang Zhengqisan. After research， Huoxiang Zhengqisan， also known as Huoxiang Zhengqitang， was first recorded in Taiping Huimin Hejijufang. The original formula is composed of 41.3 g of Arecae Pericarpium， 41.3 g of Angelicae Dahuricae Radix， 41.3 g of Perilla frutescens（actually Perillae Folium）， 41.3 g of Poria， 82.6 g of Pinelliae Rhizoma， 82.6 g of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma， 82.6 g of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium（actually Citri Exocarpium Rubbum）， 82.6 g of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex， 82.6 g of Platycodonis Radix， 123.9 g of Pogostemonis Herba， and 103.25 g of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. In this formula， Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex is processed according to the specifications for ginger-processed products， Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma is processed according to the specifications for stir-fried products， and other herbs are used in their raw products. The botanical sources of the herbs are consistent with the 2020 edition of Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China. The above herbs are ground into a fine powder with a particle size passing through a No. 5 sieve. For each dose， take 8.26 g of the powdered formula， add 300 mL of water， along with 3 g of Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens and 3 g of Jujubae Fructus， and decoct until reduced to 140 mL. The decoction should be administered hot， with three times daily. To induce sweating， the patient should be kept warm under a quilt， and an additional dose should be prepared and taken if needed. This formula is traditionally used to relieve the exterior and resolve dampness， regulate Qi and harmonize the middle， which is mainly used to treat a series of diseases of digestive and respiratory systems. However， potential adverse reactions， including allergies， purpura and disulfiram-like reactions， should be considered during clinical use. Huoxiang Zhengqisan features a rational composition， extensive clinical application， and strong potential for further research and development.

In this study， bibliometric methods were used to systematically investigate the name and origin， the evolution of prescription composition， dose evolution， origin and processing method， decoction method， ancient application， modified application， modern application and other information of Huoxiang Zhengqisan. After research， Huoxiang Zhengqisan， also known as Huoxiang Zhengqitang， was first recorded in Taiping Huimin Hejijufang. The original formula is composed of 41.3 g of Arecae Pericarpium， 41.3 g of Angelicae Dahuricae Radix， 41.3 g of Perilla frutescens（actually Perillae Folium）， 41.3 g of Poria， 82.6 g of Pinelliae Rhizoma， 82.6 g of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma， 82.6 g of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium（actually Citri Exocarpium Rubbum）， 82.6 g of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex， 82.6 g of Platycodonis Radix， 123.9 g of Pogostemonis Herba， and 103.25 g of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. In this formula， Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex is processed according to the specifications for ginger-processed products， Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma is processed according to the specifications for stir-fried products， and other herbs are used in their raw products. The botanical sources of the herbs are consistent with the 2020 edition of Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China. The above herbs are ground into a fine powder with a particle size passing through a No. 5 sieve. For each dose， take 8.26 g of the powdered formula， add 300 mL of water， along with 3 g of Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens and 3 g of Jujubae Fructus， and decoct until reduced to 140 mL. The decoction should be administered hot， with three times daily. To induce sweating， the patient should be kept warm under a quilt， and an additional dose should be prepared and taken if needed. This formula is traditionally used to relieve the exterior and resolve dampness， regulate Qi and harmonize the middle， which is mainly used to treat a series of diseases of digestive and respiratory systems. However， potential adverse reactions， including allergies， purpura and disulfiram-like reactions， should be considered during clinical use. Huoxiang Zhengqisan features a rational composition， extensive clinical application， and strong potential for further research and development.

Lianggesan was first recorded in Taiping Huimin Heji Jufang， which was composed of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma， Natrii Sulfas， Gardeniae Fructus， Forsythiae Fructus， Scutellariae Radix， Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma（GRR）， Menthae Haplocalycis Herba， Lophatheri Herba and Mel. It was clinically applied to treat fire-heat syndrome in the upper and middle Jiao， and the curative effect was positive. In this study， the bibliometric method was used to conduct a detailed textual research on the formula name， medicinal composition， dosage evolution， origin and processing， functional indications and other aspects of Lianggesan. Research revealed that Lianggesan has six other names， such as Lianqiao Yinzi， Lianqiao Jiedusan， Jufang Lianggesan， Jiegu Lianggesan， Hejian Lianggesan and Qingji Lianggesan. Based on the edition of Taiping Huimin Heji Jufang， an analysis of the evolution of its formula composition revealed that the missing Chinese medicines were predominantly bamboo leaves and honey， while the added Chinese medicines were primarily supplements introduced to address changes in disease manifestations. After textual research， the dosage for one dose of Lianggesan from Taiping Huimin Heji Jufang was as follows：826 g of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma， 826 g of Natrii Sulfas， 826 g of GRR， 413 g of Gardeniae Fructus， 413 g of Menthae Haplocalycis Herba， 413 g of Scutellariae Radix， and 1652 g of Forsythiae Fructus. Decocting method was as following：Grinding the Chinese medicines into coarse powder（2-4 mm）， taking 8.16 g per dose， adding 300 mL of water， along with 2 g of Lophatheri Herba and 5 g of Mel， and decocting to 140 mL. The residue was removed and taken warmly 30 min after meals. It was recommended to take it three times daily until improvement was achieved. The origins of the 9 Chinese medicines were consistent with the 2020 edition of Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China. Except for GRR， which required single frying（stir-frying）， the remaining medicines were all raw products. The description of the function of this formula in ancient books was summarized as purging fire and promoting bowel movements， clearing heat from the upper body and purging the lower body， and the main syndromes included facial redness， tongue swelling， red eyes， etc. In modern applications， the formula is primarily used for respiratory and digestive system diseases， including acute lung injury， chronic obstructive pulmonary disease， herpetic angina and aphthous stomatitis， covering 142 types of diseases. In summary， this paper can provide a basis for further research and development of Lianggesan through the literature review and key information combing.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific CD8⁺ T cells play a central role in controlling HBV infection; however, their function is impaired during chronic HBV infection, manifesting as a state of dysfunction. Recent studies have revealed that CD8⁺ T cell dysfunction in chronic HBV infection differs from the classical exhaustion observed in other viral infections or tumors. In 2024, several pivotal studies further elucidated novel mechanisms underlying CD8⁺ T cell dysfunction in chronic HBV infection and identified new therapeutic targets, including 4-1BB and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). This review, while elucidating the dysfunction of CD8⁺ T cells in chronic HBV infection and its underlying mechanisms, focuses on summarizing the key findings from these latest studies and explores their translational value and clinical significance.
Humans ; Hepatitis B, Chronic/virology* ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology* ; Hepatitis B virus/physiology* ; Animals ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/immunology*

Objective:To observe the efficacy and safety of combined lienal polypeptide injection therapy in the treatment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia（MPP）in children aged 3 to 14 years old in multiple clinical centers.Methods:A randomized，controlled，multi-center clinical study design was adopted.A total of 240 hospitalized children aged 3 to 14 years old with MPP from 7 hospitals from September 1，2023 to January 31，2024 were included.According to the severity of pneumonia，they were divided into the mild MPP group with 80 cases and the severe MPP/refractory MPP（SMPP/RMPP）group with 160 cases，and then randomly divided into the control group and the experimental group at a ratio of 1 ∶1，using the random number table method.After screening，subjects entered a treatment period of 5 to 7 days.The control group was treated with azithromycin，while the experimental group was treated with azithromycin plus lienal polypeptide injection .The recovery of lung CT，length of hospital stay，duration of fever，cough score，whether mild cases developed into severe or refractory cases，duration of hormone use，use of intravenous immunoglobulin（IVIG），bronchoscopy treatment，and immune function were observed between the two groups to evaluate the efficacy of lienal polypeptide injection.Adverse events after medication，vital signs，blood routine，urine routine，liver function，myocardial enzymes，renal function，and electrocardiogram were observed to evaluate the safety. Results:A total of 231 subjects have completed the trial in the 7 hospitals，including 118 cases in the experimental group and 113 cases in the control group.Main observation index：the rate of lung CT aggravation in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group（2.6% vs 15.3%， P<0.01），and the difference was statistically significant.Secondary indexes：there were no statistically significant differences in the length of hospital stay，duration of fever，cough score，duration of hormone use，whether IVIG treatment was used，the number of bronchoscopy treatment cases，and immunoglobulin between the two groups（all P>0.05）.However，the rate of cases of plastic bronchitis（PB）found under bronchoscopy in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group（0 vs 18.8%， P=0.03），and the difference was statistically significant.Among the mild MPP（72 cases），there were no statistically significant differences in the length of hospital stay，duration of fever，cough score，duration of hormone use，whether IVIG treatment was used，the number of bronchoscopy treatment cases，and the improvement rate of lung CT between the two groups（all P>0.05）.However，compared with the control group，the rate of cases developing into SMPP/RMPP in the experimental group was less（24.3% vs 48.6%， P=0.03），and the difference in IgG before and after treatment was small［0.53（-0.04，1.18）g/L vs 1.33（0.48，2.25）g/L， P=0.01］.Among the SMPP/RMPP cases（159 cases），the rate of cases of PB found under bronchoscopy in the experimental group was less than that in the control group（0 vs 20%， P=0.04），and the rate of cases with aggravated lung CT in the experimental group was less than that in the control group（1.3% vs 19.5%， P<0.01），and the improvement rate of lung CT in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group（88.8% vs 75.3%， P=0.03），with statistically significant differences.There were no statistically significant differences in the length of hospital stay，duration of fever，cough score，duration of hormone use，whether IVIG treatment was used，the number of bronchoscopy treatment cases，and immunoglobulin between the two groups（all P>0.05）.Two cases in the experimental group developed rashes，which improved after the drug was discontinued.There were no serious adverse reactions such as abnormal vital signs like dyspnea and cyanosis due to the use of lienal polypeptide injection.There were no obvious changes in blood routine，liver function，myocardial enzymes，renal function，electrocardiogram，and urine routine values before and after medication compared with the baseline. Conclusion:The combined use of lienal polypeptide injection in the treatment of MPP in children can reduce the probability of the transformation from mild cases to SMPP/RMPP，reduce the rate of aggravation of the image findings，promote the absorption of lung inflammation，reduce the rate of PB found under bronchoscopy，and has good safety.

Objective To investigate the correlation between total oxidation state(TOS),superoxide dis-mutase(SOD),glutathione reductase(GR)and androgen receptor(AR)expression,as well as their predictive value for castration-resistant prostate cancer(CRPC).Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 382 patients with prostate cancer who received endocrine therapy in our hospital from Janu-ary 2021 to March 2023.These patients were divided into a CRPC group(91 cases)and a non-CRPC group(291 cases)based on whether they progressed to CRPC within one year.The clinical data of the two groups were compared,and the levels of TOS,SOD,GR,and AR expression before and after treatment were com-pared between the two groups.The correlation between TOS,SOD,GR,and AR expression was analyzed using the Spearman method.The relationship between TOS,SOD,GR,and AR expression in the CRPC group was analyzed using partial correlation analysis.Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the impact of TOS,SOD,and GR on the occurrence of CRPC after 1 month of treatment,and receiver operating charac-teristic(ROC)curve analysis was used to evaluate the predictive efficacy of TOS,SOD,and GR on CRPC af-ter 1 month of treatment.Results Gleason score ≥8 and T4 in clinical stage in CRPC group were higher than those in non-CRPC group,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).After 1 month and 1 year of treatment,the positive expression rates of TOS and AR in both groups were higher than before treatment,while the levels of SOD and GR were lower than before treatment,with a statistically significant difference(P＜0.05).After 1 month and 1 year of treatment,the TOS level and AR positive expression rate in the CRPC group were higher than those in the non-CRPC group,while the SOD and GR levels were lower than those in the non-CRPC group,with statistical significance(P＜0.05).Spearman correlation analysis showed that TOS was positively correlated with AR expression in the CRPC group after 1 month and 1 year of treat-ment(P＜0.05),while SOD and GR were negatively correlated with AR expression(P＜0.05).Logistic re-gression analysis showed that,Gleason score ≥8,T4 in clinical stage,and TOS,SOD,and GR after 1 month of treatment were all associated with the occurrence of CRPC(P＜0.05).It was found that after adjusting for Gleason score and clinical stage,TOS,SOD,and GR were still independent factors for CRPC after 1 month of treatment(P＜0.05).The ROC curve analysis results showed that the area under the curve of TOS,SOD,and GR combined to predict CRPC after 1 month of treatment was 0.938(95％CI:0.908-0.960),which was higher than that of each indicator alone.Conclusion The expression of TOS,SOD,GR,and AR is correlated to some extent,and combined detection has certain predictive value for CRPC.It can be used as an auxiliary indicator for clinical prediction of CRPC and has certain guiding value for subsequent clinical decisions for patients.