This study aims to explore the differences of event-related potential (ERP) between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and normal children, so that these differences provide scientific basis for the diagnosis of ADHD. Eight children were identified to be ADHD group by the diagnostic criteria of DSM-IV (diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-IV), and the control group also consisted of 8 normal children. Modified visual-continuous performance test (CPT) was used as the experiment paradigm. The experiment included two major conditions, i. e. Go and NoGo. All the 16 subjects participated in the study. A high density EEG acquisition instrument was used to record the EEG signal and processed these EEG data by means of ERP and spectrum analysis. P2-N2 peak-peak value and spectral peak around 11 Hz were analyzed between ADHD subjects and those in the control group, and then statistical tests were applied to these two groups. Results showed that: (1) Under the condition of Go, ADHD group had a significant lower P2-N2 peak-peak value than the values in the control group (P < 0.05); but under the condition of NoGo there was no significant difference in between. (2) Compared with the control group, the ADHD group had significant lower spectral amplitude around 11 Hz under the condition of NoGo (P < 0.05). However, under the condition of Go the difference was insignificant. In conclusion, there is certain cognitive dysfunction in ADHD children. P2-N2 peak-peak value and spectral peak around 11 Hz could be considered as clinical evaluation indexes of ADHD children's cognitive function. These two objective indexes provide an early diagnosis and effective treatment of ADHD.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; Brain ; physiopathology ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Cognition Disorders ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; Electroencephalography ; Evoked Potentials ; Humans

OBJECTIVETo analyze clinical efficacy and prognosis of liver transplantation in children with hyperammonemia caused by urea cycle disorders.

METHODA retrospective analysis was performed on the occurrence of disease, operation and the follow-up post liver transplantation in 4 patients with urea cycle disorders who underwent liver transplantation during June 2001 to May 2014.

RESULTFour girls were diagnosed with ornithine carbamoyl transferase deficiency by genetic test. They had the clinical onset at the age of 1.5 to 3.0 years. Liver transplantation had been performed at their age of 53.9 months, 40.6 months, 40.3 months and 22.8 months, respectively. The grafts of case 1 and case 2 were from left lateral lobe of liver of cadaveric donor, the graft of case 3 was from left lateral lobe of liver of a living donor, the graft of case 4 was a whole liver of a dead child. The liver function of 4 patients gradually returned to normal, blood ammonia levels were normal and restored the normal diet, 4 children were discharged on postoperative 25-30 days. Regular follow-up was done, the liver function, biochemical features and growth status have been followed up for 162.2 months, 124.2 months, 12.0 months and 4.8 months after liver transplantation, respectively. Now, all the four cases are healthy and growth is normal.

CONCLUSIONLiver transplantation is an important way to the patients with severe hyperammonemia caused by urea cycle disorders. In this study, the patients with ornithine carbamoyl transferase defect got satisfactory long-term outcome after liver transplantation.

Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperammonemia ; etiology ; surgery ; Liver ; Liver Function Tests ; Liver Transplantation ; Living Donors ; Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase Deficiency Disease ; complications ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Tissue Donors

Child ; Humans ; Liver Transplantation ; adverse effects ; Measles ; etiology ; Pneumonia, Viral ; etiology ; Transplant Recipients

OBJECTIVETo analyze the correlation between survival time after liver transplantation and the intracellular (i)ATP levels of CD4+ T cells.

METHODSLiver transplantation patients treated in our hospital,and with complete follow-up data,were enrolled retrospectively in our study (between July 2010 to October 2012) and divided into six groups according to survival time: less than 1 year,1-2 years,2-3 years,3-4 years,4-8 years,and more than 8 years.The less than 1 year survival group was further sub-divided for survival less than 1 month,1-2 months,2-3 months,3-5 months and 5-12 months.Blood samples collected from all enrollees (n=273) were analyzed by the Cylex ImmuKnow Cell Function Assay to detect the iATP level in CD4+ T cells.Correlation of iATP level in CD4+ T cells with survival time was statistically analyzed.

RESULTSThe levels of CD4+ T cell-iATP were significantly different among the various survival recipient groups by years: less than 1 year:325+228 ng/ml,1-2 years:216-147 ng/ml,2-3 years:225-172 ng/ml,3-5 years:236-184 ng/ml,4-8 years:298-145 ng/ml,more than 8 years:323-153 ng/ml.In addition,the levels of CD4+ T cell-iATP were significantly different between the groups of patients who survived less than 1 year: less than 1 month:441+255 ng/ml,1-2 months:357-235 ng/ml,2-3 months:353-257 ng/ml,3-5 months:202-123 ng/ml,5-12 months:234-145 ng/ml.

CONCLUSIONThere is a relationship between levels of iATP in CD4+ T cells and survival time after liver transplantation.For patients with postoperative survival time of less than 1 year,the CD4+ T cell iATP level will not accurately reflect the status of CD4+ T cells' immune activation.For patients with postoperative survival time of 2-4 years,the CD4+ T cell-iATP level is relatively low and the CD4+ T lymphocyte activation status is in the low reaction zone.Patients with postoperative survival time of more than 5 years had higher CD4+ T cell-iATP level then 2-4 years survivors,and had stable CD4+ T cell immune activation.

Adenosine Triphosphate ; immunology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; immunology ; Graft Survival ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; Liver Transplantation ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Retrospective Studies ; Transplant Recipients