In hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD), the programmed cell death known as ferroptosis is significantly activated. Microglial cells demonstrate a high level of sensitivity to iron accumulation. Understanding how to regulate the dual role of microglia and transforming the microglial ferroptosis to a moderate and controllable process has considerable implications for the targeted treatment in HIBD. This paper serves as an overview of microglia-mediated ferroptosis in HIBD as a disease model. We discuss various aspects centered around microglia, including pathophysiological mechanisms, polarization and functions of microglia, molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis, signaling pathways, and therapeutic strategies. The review aims to provide a reference for studies of ferroptosis in microglia.
Microglia/physiology* ; Ferroptosis/physiology* ; Humans ; Animals ; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/pathology* ; Signal Transduction

BACKGROUND:Aside from iron chelating,deferoxamine is also considered as an effective hypoxia mimetic agent and hypoxia inducible factor-1α stabilizer.Deferoxamine has played a favorable effect on bone regeneration in both basic and clinical research recently.Deferoxamine solutions or deferoxamine loaded bio-scaffolds have been locally applied in bone tissue engineering,and their promotion of bone repair involves various functional properties and molecular mechanisms which have not been entirely clarified.Moreover,their advances in research of bone regeneration lack comprehensive summary as well. OBJECTIVE:To review the functional properties,relative merits and advances in basic research and clinical practice of deferoxamine applied in bone regeneration,attempting to provide references and strategies for further studies. METHODS:Relevant articles were searched with the key words of"deferoxamine OR desferrioxamine OR desferal OR DFO,""bone tissue engineering OR bone regeneration OR bone remodeling OR bone repair OR bone healing OR osteogenesis,""angiogenesis OR vascularized bone regeneration OR angiogenic-osteogenic coupling"in English and Chinese by using PubMed,WanFang and CNKI databases.Eventually,88 articles were selected for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Deferoxamine can recruit stem cells and regulate their function,activate relevant signaling pathways to advance hypoxia adaptation of the cells,exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties to improve local inflammatory environment,and promote bone regeneration by coupling osteogenesis and angiogenesis as well as inhibiting bone resorption.Compared with growth factors or peptides loaded in conventional bone tissue engineering,deferoxamine has its unique advantages as a small molecule drug,while it also has toxic reactions and application limitations.Therefore,it is necessary to optimize its loading form and dosagey.The unique angiogenic-osteogenic coupling ability of deferoxamine can be used in different types of bone injuries including fractures,osteonecrosis,distraction osteogenesis,bone grafting,oral related osteogenesis,and bone defects.Due to the enhancement of angiogenesis,this ability enables deferoxamine to better adapt and solve the difficulties in bone repair caused by the complex and variable clinical situations and individual differences.However,it is also necessary to compare and optimize the application methods and safe dosage of deferoxamine to expand its application scope and enhance its clinical value.

Pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis(LAM)is a rare chronic progressive diffuse cystic lung disease that mainly occurs in women of reproductive age.Pulmonary hypertension is a rare complication of LAM.Currently,there is insufficient evidence on the epidemiology,pathogenesis and treatment strategy of LAM related pulmonary hypertension.We reported a case of a woman at reproductive age with shortness of breath and diagnosed with LAM by the combination of specific lung imaging features and serum vascular endothelial growth factor D.Precapillary pulmonary hypertension was confirmed by right cardiac catheterization.Her condition was stable with Sirolimus and home oxygen therapy.

Pulmonary hypertension is a rare complication of pneumoconiosis,which is caused by long term denture dusk contacting and poor protection.Here we reported a case,who was a denture technician and had been engaged in denture grinding for more than 10 years.According to the specific lung imaging findings and dust exposure history,she was diagnosed with interstitial lung disease and pneumoconiosis (probable).Precapillary pulmonary hypertension was confirmed by right cardiac catheterization.

Thyroid cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the endocrine system, and the incidence is increasing year by year, which seriously threatens people's health. Autophagy is a programmed mode of death that can be used as a potential target for anti-tumor therapy and plays an important regulatory role. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a protein kinase encoded by PARK8 gene. The recent studies have confirmed that autophagy is closely related to thyroid cancer. This paper analyzes the possible regulatory mechanism of LRRK2 affecting thyroid cancer through autophagy, providing new ideas for basic research and clinical diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer.

Immune checkpoints are the crucial regulators of immune system and play essential roles in maintaining self-tolerance, preventing autoimmune responses, and minimizing tissue damage by regulating the duration and intensity of the immune response. Furthermore, immune checkpoints are usually overexpressed in cancer cells or noninvasive cells in tumor tissues and are capable of suppressing the antitumor response. Based on substantial physiological analyses as well as preclinical and clinical studies, checkpoint molecules have been evaluated as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of multiple types of cancers. In the last few years, extensive evidence has supported the immunoregulatory effects of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). The main advantage of TCMs and natural medicine is that they usually contain multiple active components, which can act on multiple targets at the same time, resulting in additive or synergistic effects. The strong immune regulation function of traditional Chinese medicine on immune checkpoints has also been of great interest. For example,

Objective To explore the relationship between different smoking status and hypothyroidism in six iodine-suitable areas of China. Methods A total of 8187 residents were investigated by cluster sampling in six cities, and 7448 residents were included in the survey. The height, weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure were measured by filling out epidemiological questionnaire. Blood samples were collected to detect thyroid stimulating hormone ( TSH) , thyroid peroxidase antibody ( TPOAb) , and thyroglobulin antibody ( TgAb) . Results The mean TSH, TPOAb, and TgAb positive rates in passive smoking and active smoking groups were all lower than those in non-smoking group ( all P<0.01) . In the active smoking group, the TSH value decreased by 0.023 units for every unit increase in smoking index. The positive rates of TgAb and TPOAb in both passive smoking and active smoking groups were lower than those in non-smoking group (all P<0.01). Active and passive smoking reduced the prevalence of hypothyroidism (both P<0.01). Among women, the risks of clinical hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism were reduced in both active and passive smoking groups. Besides, the risk of subclinical hypothyroidism decreased significantly when the smoking index was more than 70. In male population, the risk of subclinical hypothyroidism in active and passive smoking group decreased. Besides, the risk of clinical hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism decreased significantly when the smoking index was more than 70. Conclusion Smoking in iodine-suitable areas may reduce TSH level and the positive rates of TPOAb and TgAb.

Objective To establish management programs for hypothermia in trauma patients in emergency department,so as to guide clinical nursing practice and provide references for scientific management of post-traumatic hypothermia.Methods The first draft of management prograns was established by retrieval of trauma-related guidelines and original studies at home and abroad.Two rounds of expert consultation were conducted via Delphi method to finalize the management programs.Results The management programs consisted of 4 first-level items (hypothermia related assessment,prevention and graded intervention,evaluation,coordination with the team),15 second-level items and 36 third-level items.The expert authority scores of two rounds were 0.85 and 0.86.The expert coordination coefficients at all levels ranged between 0.257 and 0.347.Conclusion There were high levels of enthusiasm,authority and team coordination in experts.The management programs can be used as a basis for comprehensive evaluation and scientific management for hypothermia in trauma patients.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of different insertion angles on the osseointegration of loaded microscrews in beagle jaws. Methods: Forty-eight microscrews were inserted at four different angles (30°, 50°, 70° and 90°) into the interradicular zones between the mandibular first molar and third premolar in twelve beagles and the microscrews had been loaded with a force of 2 N immediately for 8 weeks. After microscrew-bone specimens fixed, the maximum output value (F_max) of pull-out test was recorded and the histomorphological changes of hard tissue were observed. The bone-implant contact (BIC%) was quantitatively analyzed and the osseointegration of microscrew-bone interface was comprehensively evaluated. Results: Both F_max and BIC% values of microscrews were influenced by the insertion angles. The maximum value of F_max was (385±23) N in the group with 50° angle, and the minimum value was (198±16) N in the group with 30° angle(P <0.05). The maximum value of BIC% was (59.1±6.0)% in the group with 70° angle, and the minimum value was (30.2±3.2)% in the group with 30° angle (P <0.05). Histomorphology observation revealed that in peri-screws region, the various degree of bone remodeling was found in different angle samples. Conclusions The insertion angles (50°and 70°) were favorable to the stability of the microscrew.

For thousands of years, moxibustion has been used for various diseases in China and other Asian countries. Despite the recent surge in Chinese herbal studies, few randomized controlled trials have been conducted on this modality, possibly due to the lacking of suitable double blinding methodology. This is a review of extant sham moxa devices and an introduction to a recently developed device that needs further validation.