Assessment of eye irritation potential is part of the international regulatory requirements for safety testing of chemicals.Because of increasing concerns about to animal welfare in recent years,the development of alternative methods to reduce the number of animals used in eye irritation tests has become imperative.This article introduces in vitro test methods based on organotypic models,cell lines and reconstructed human cornea-like epithelium(RhCE),and analyzes strengths and weaknesses of the individual in vitro test methods.To overcome the limitations of the individual in vitro test methods,it is recommended that tiered testing strategies be adopted that combine the strengths of individual in vitro test methods to address the required ranges of irritation potential.Future applications of new technolo-gies such as genomics,proteomics and computational models in the assessment of eye irritation poten-tial are also predicted.

Lens injury is an important etiological factor in the reduction of visual function following ocular trauma.Currently, there are no clear standards for the classification of lens injury, and comprehensive diagnostic tools are lacking.This deficiency leads to numerous controversies and challenges in critical areas, such as diagnosis and preoperative evalution, timing of surgery, surgical strategy, and assessment of postoperative prognosis.Tomographic imaging technology, such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, optical coherence tomography, has introduced a new dimension to the evaluation of lens injury, which is crucial for assessing the transparency, texture, location, morphology, and integrity of the lens, as well as the zonules and nearby intraocular structures.However, the use of tomographic imaging technology is somewhat limited due to the limitations of relying on a single method.With the ongoing advancement of imaging technologies and the rapid development of big data and artificial intelligence, tomographic imaging will become an increasingly essential tool in the future management of lens injury.Our expert group reviewed the epidemiological characteristics and classification of lens injury and the major challenges currently faced in the diagnosis and treatment of lens injury, and provided expert recommendations mainly focusing on the application, shortcomings and limitations of current tomographic imaging technology in the diagnosis and treatment of lens injury, and future development directions.

Lens injury is an important etiological factor in the reduction of visual function following ocular trauma.Currently, there are no clear standards for the classification of lens injury, and comprehensive diagnostic tools are lacking.This deficiency leads to numerous controversies and challenges in critical areas, such as diagnosis and preoperative evalution, timing of surgery, surgical strategy, and assessment of postoperative prognosis.Tomographic imaging technology, such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, optical coherence tomography, has introduced a new dimension to the evaluation of lens injury, which is crucial for assessing the transparency, texture, location, morphology, and integrity of the lens, as well as the zonules and nearby intraocular structures.However, the use of tomographic imaging technology is somewhat limited due to the limitations of relying on a single method.With the ongoing advancement of imaging technologies and the rapid development of big data and artificial intelligence, tomographic imaging will become an increasingly essential tool in the future management of lens injury.Our expert group reviewed the epidemiological characteristics and classification of lens injury and the major challenges currently faced in the diagnosis and treatment of lens injury, and provided expert recommendations mainly focusing on the application, shortcomings and limitations of current tomographic imaging technology in the diagnosis and treatment of lens injury, and future development directions.

Assessment of eye irritation potential is part of the international regulatory requirements for safety testing of chemicals.Because of increasing concerns about to animal welfare in recent years,the development of alternative methods to reduce the number of animals used in eye irritation tests has become imperative.This article introduces in vitro test methods based on organotypic models,cell lines and reconstructed human cornea-like epithelium(RhCE),and analyzes strengths and weaknesses of the individual in vitro test methods.To overcome the limitations of the individual in vitro test methods,it is recommended that tiered testing strategies be adopted that combine the strengths of individual in vitro test methods to address the required ranges of irritation potential.Future applications of new technolo-gies such as genomics,proteomics and computational models in the assessment of eye irritation poten-tial are also predicted.

To construct a recombinant attenuated Salmonella strain carrying the p57 and BLID genes and to evaluate its inhibitory effect on breast cancer cells and apoptosis induction in vitro,the recombinant attenuated Salmonella LH430/pEGFP-p57-BLID was constructed.RT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the transcription and expression of the recombinant attenuated Salmonella in cancer cells.The CCK-8 method was used to assess the safety of the recombinant at-tenuated Salmonella and its impact on the activity of breast cancer cells.The cell scratch assay was used to analyze the influence of the recombinant attenuated Salmonella on the migratory ability of cancer cells.Flow cytometry and Western blot were used to analyze the effect of the recombinant attenuated Salmonella on the apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells.The bands of target genes carried by the recombinant attenuated Salmonella could be amplified by PCR,and these target genes could be transcribed and expressed in MDA-MB-231 cells.The recombinant attenuated Salmonella showed good growth characteristics and genetic stability.Compared with the PBS group,recombi-nant attenuated Salmonella LH430/pEGFP-p57-BLID significantly reduced(P＜0.01)the activity of MDA-MB-231 cells and significantly inhibited(P＜0.01)the migration of MDA-MB-231 cells.Recombinant attenuated Salmonella LH430/pEGFP-p57-BLID can obviously increase the number of apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells,significantly upregulate(P＜0.01)the expression of apoptotic protein Bax,and significantly downregulate(P＜0.01)the expression of apoptotic protein Bcl-2.The results showed that the recombinant attenuated Salmonella had an inhibitory effect on breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and could induce apoptosis,which laid a foundation for the subsequent study of anti-tumor in vivo.

To construct a recombinant attenuated Salmonella strain carrying the p57 and BLID genes and to evaluate its inhibitory effect on breast cancer cells and apoptosis induction in vitro,the recombinant attenuated Salmonella LH430/pEGFP-p57-BLID was constructed.RT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the transcription and expression of the recombinant attenuated Salmonella in cancer cells.The CCK-8 method was used to assess the safety of the recombinant at-tenuated Salmonella and its impact on the activity of breast cancer cells.The cell scratch assay was used to analyze the influence of the recombinant attenuated Salmonella on the migratory ability of cancer cells.Flow cytometry and Western blot were used to analyze the effect of the recombinant attenuated Salmonella on the apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells.The bands of target genes carried by the recombinant attenuated Salmonella could be amplified by PCR,and these target genes could be transcribed and expressed in MDA-MB-231 cells.The recombinant attenuated Salmonella showed good growth characteristics and genetic stability.Compared with the PBS group,recombi-nant attenuated Salmonella LH430/pEGFP-p57-BLID significantly reduced(P＜0.01)the activity of MDA-MB-231 cells and significantly inhibited(P＜0.01)the migration of MDA-MB-231 cells.Recombinant attenuated Salmonella LH430/pEGFP-p57-BLID can obviously increase the number of apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells,significantly upregulate(P＜0.01)the expression of apoptotic protein Bax,and significantly downregulate(P＜0.01)the expression of apoptotic protein Bcl-2.The results showed that the recombinant attenuated Salmonella had an inhibitory effect on breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and could induce apoptosis,which laid a foundation for the subsequent study of anti-tumor in vivo.

Objective: To investigate the levels of lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium in the blood, urine, and hair samples from residents in the rare earth mining area of a city in China, and to provide a scientific basis for the control of rare earth pollution and the protection of population health. Methods: A total of 147 residents who had lived in the rare earth mining area of a city for a long time were selected as the exposure group, and 108 residents in Guyang County of this city who lived 91 km away from the rare earth mining area were selected as the control group. Blood, urine, and hair samples were collected from the residents in both groups. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to determine the content of lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium in blood, urine, and hair samples. Results: In the exposure group, the median levels of lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium were 0.854, 1.724, 0.132, and 0.839 μg/L, respectively, in blood samples, 0.420, 0.920, 0.055, and 0.337 μg/L, respectively, in urine samples, and 0.052, 0.106, 0.012, and 0.045 μg/g, respectively, in hair samples. The exposure group had significantly higher levels of the four rare earth elements in blood, urine, and hair samples than the control group (P<0.01) . Conclusion The residents in the rare earth mining area of this city have higher content of lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium in blood, urine, and hair than those in the non-mining area; the content of cerium is highest, followed by lanthanum, neodymium, and praseodymium.

Objective To investigate effect of different anesthesia on cesarean section perioperative coagula-tion function and D -dimer,to provide a reference for clinical treatment.Methods 120 cases of cesarean section patients were selected,according to the anesthesia they were divided into observation group and control group.Obser-vation group (70 cases) used combined spinal epidural anesthesia,the control group(50 cases) used epidural anes-thesia.The prothrombin time (PT),activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT),thrombin time (TT),fiber clinical indicators fibrinogen (Fbg),DD,analgesia and its complications were compared between the two groups.Results Before surgery,PT,APTT,TT,Fbg had no statistically significant differences between the two groups (P >0.05).6h, 24h after operation, PT,APTT,TT of the observation group were (13.23 ±1.86) s,(31.18 ±5.94) s,(15.52 ± 2.55)s;(12.85 ±1.94)s,(29.74 ±5.52)s,(14.68 ±3.15)s,which were lower than the control group,the differ-ences were statistically significant (t =3.294,4.546,4.143,3.656,3.435,3.115,all P <0.05).6h after operation, Fbg of the observation group was (3.17 ±0.48)g/L,which was lower than the control group,the difference was statis-tically significant (t =3.656,P <0.05);D -D of the observation group before surgery,immediately after surgery,24h after surgery were (0.28 ±0.04)mg/L,0.04mg/L,(0.33 ±0.07)mg/L,(0.33 ±0.07)mg/L,compared with the control group had no statistically significant differences (P >0.05).In the observation group,the incidence rates of pain level 2,3 were 41.43%,30.00%,compared to the control group showed no significant difference (P >0.05). Deep vein thrombosis was not found in the observation group,the control group confirmed one case of femoral vein thrombosis,the incidence of venous thrombosis in the two groups showed no significant difference ( P >0.05). Conclusion Combined spinal epidural anesthesia,epidural anesthesia can both prevent cesarean section patients from perioperative hypercoagulable state,reduce the incidence of thrombotic complications,epidural anesthesia is the preferred method.

[Abstrca t] Objective BRCA 1 ( breast cancer susceptibility gene 1) and RAP80 ( receptor-associated protein 80) play key roles in predicting chemosensitivity of platinum and taxanes .A randomized trial was carried out to compare non-selected cisplatin-based chemotherapy with therapy customized according to BRCA1 and RAP80 expression.Methods Advanced stage NSCLC patients whose tumor specimen was sufficient for molecular analysis were randomized (1∶3) to the control or experimental arm.Patients in the control arm received docetaxel/cisplatin; in the experimental arm , patients with low RAP 80 expression received gemcitabine/cisplatin ( Arm 1 ) , those with intermediate/high RAP 80 expression and low/intermediate BRCA 1expression received docetaxel/cisplatin ( Arm 2 ) , and those with intermediate/high RAP80 expression and high BRCA1 expression received docetaxel alone (Arm 3).The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS).Results 226 patients were screened and 124 were randomized in this trial.ORR in the four subgroups was 22.6%, 48.4%, 30.3%and 19.2%, respectively (P=0.08);PFS was 4.74, 5.59, 3.78 and 2.73 months, respectively (P=0.55); and OS was 10.82, 14.44, 10.86 and 10.86 months, respectively (P=0.84).The common adverse effects included neutropenia , nausea, anemia and fatigue.Conclusions No statistically significant difference of ORR , PFS or OS is observed in the experimental arms compared with the control arm .Patients with low RAP 80 mRNA levels have a trend of better survival and higher response rate to gemcitabine /cisplatin chemotherapy .

[Abstrca t] Objective BRCA 1 ( breast cancer susceptibility gene 1) and RAP80 ( receptor-associated protein 80) play key roles in predicting chemosensitivity of platinum and taxanes .A randomized trial was carried out to compare non-selected cisplatin-based chemotherapy with therapy customized according to BRCA1 and RAP80 expression.Methods Advanced stage NSCLC patients whose tumor specimen was sufficient for molecular analysis were randomized (1∶3) to the control or experimental arm.Patients in the control arm received docetaxel/cisplatin; in the experimental arm , patients with low RAP 80 expression received gemcitabine/cisplatin ( Arm 1 ) , those with intermediate/high RAP 80 expression and low/intermediate BRCA 1expression received docetaxel/cisplatin ( Arm 2 ) , and those with intermediate/high RAP80 expression and high BRCA1 expression received docetaxel alone (Arm 3).The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS).Results 226 patients were screened and 124 were randomized in this trial.ORR in the four subgroups was 22.6%, 48.4%, 30.3%and 19.2%, respectively (P=0.08);PFS was 4.74, 5.59, 3.78 and 2.73 months, respectively (P=0.55); and OS was 10.82, 14.44, 10.86 and 10.86 months, respectively (P=0.84).The common adverse effects included neutropenia , nausea, anemia and fatigue.Conclusions No statistically significant difference of ORR , PFS or OS is observed in the experimental arms compared with the control arm .Patients with low RAP 80 mRNA levels have a trend of better survival and higher response rate to gemcitabine /cisplatin chemotherapy .