Abstract Background: Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is a malignancy of the nasopharyngeal mucosal epithelium. Primary and secondary metastases in nasopharyngeal cancer are generally prevalent in the bones. Gene expression plays a critical role in regulating fundamental cellular processes in cancer cells, including metastasis. Methods: A total of 29 patients with non-metastatic NPC were included in the study. Results: The mean age of the participants was 48.45±9.98 years old. Most participants were male (75.9%). More than half of the participants had T4 and N2, 52.7% and 51.0% respectively). Secondary metastasis was observed in 9 of the 29 participants within two years. Patients with secondary metastases had a higher proportion of T4 (7/9) and N2 (4/9) disease. Bone was the first site of secondary metastasis (6/9 patients). The median time to secondary bone metastasis was 14.0 (6.8-21.2) months. Based on the differential expression gene (DEG) analysis, the MMP9 gene was upregulated 12.50 (4.18–37.40), adjusted p <0.01, and the ADNP gene was downregulated 0.141 (0.04–0.43), adjusted p 0.04, among patients with secondary bone metastasis. Conclusion: Bones are the first site of metastasis, with a time to metastasis of 14.0 (6.8-21,2) months. MMP9 was upregulated, and ANDP was downregulated in patients with bone metastasis compared to those without metastasis.
MMP-9 ; ADNP ; nasopharyngeal cancer ; secondary bone metastasis

Purpose: Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of acute limb ischemia, leading to damage to distant organs, including the lungs. A complex mechanism is involved in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), release of inflammatory mediators, and neutrophil activation. One strategy to reduce the damage is administering selenium, an antioxidant enzyme component that can bind ROS and protect cells. This study aimed to compare the degree of lung injury due to limb IRI in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with selenium administration versus those without selenium treatment. Materials and Methods: Fifteen male SD rats were divided into three groups: the control group (Group A), the ischemia-reperfusion with pre-reperfusion selenium (Group B), and the ischemia-reperfusion with post-reperfusion selenium (Group C).All animals underwent two hours of limb ischemia and three hours of reperfusion.Selenium was given intravenously at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg body weight. After reperfusion, lung specimens were histopathologically examined. Results: The median degree of lung injury was severe in Group A, mild in Group B, and moderate in Group C (P=0.01). Post hoc analysis revealed a significant difference in the degree of lung injury between Groups A and B (P=0.01), while a comparison between Groups A and C (P=0.06) and Groups B and C (P=0.31) revealed no significant difference. Conclusion The administration of pre-reperfusion selenium significantly decreases lung injury induced by limb ischemia-reperfusion in SD rats.