This study was aimed atanalyzing the epidemic characteristics of dengue fever in Ruili City atthe China-Myanmar bor-der in late 2023,to provide evidence for local dengue fever prevention and control measures.Adult Aedes mosquitoes were collected from Ruili City with a backpack type mosquito sucking machine in October of 2023.Serum samples frompatients with suspected den-gue were collected in acutephase,in November of 2023.Detection ofdengue virus(DENV)nucleic acids in Aedesmosquitoes and acute phase serum samples from suspected dengue fever patients using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction,and nucleic acid positive samples were inoculated into Vero cells for viral culture.After three consecutive blind passage,samples with cytopathic effect(CPE)were collected for be sequencingand analysisof genetic and evolutionary information.Dengue case characteristics were analyzed through descriptive epidemiological methods.Among the 109 cases of dengue fever,the ratio of males to females was 1.27∶1.The youngest patient was 1 year old,the oldest patient was 84 years old,the age group of 20～59 years accounted for 73.39%,and the major-ity of occupations were freelancer(40.37%).A total of 827 female Aedes albopictus and 312 Aedes aegypti were collected,all of which tested negative for DENV nucleic acid.109 serum samples tested positive for DENV nucleic acid,including 49 DENV-1 and 60 DENV-2.Moreover,five DENV-1 and nine DENV-2 samples were obtainedthrough third-generation blind passaging with CPE.The E gene sequences of these five DENV-1 strains were detected,all were found to belong to DENV-1 genotype I,and had same evolu-tionary branch as the 2023 Guangzhou,China(PP563911),the 2019 Myanmar(MW793710),and 2019 Attapeu,Laos(MW559046).The nucleotide and amino acid sequence similarityamong the five DENV-1 genotype was 99.4%-99.9%and 99.8%-100.0%.Compared with the aforementioned epidemic strains,their nucleotide similarities were 99.5%-100.0%,99.4%-99.6%and 99.3%-99.5%,respec-tively,and amino acid similarity was 99.8%-100.0%.Nine DENV-2 E gene sequences were of Asian genotype I and belonged to the same evolutionary branch as the 2018 Myanmar(MW788982),2019 Hangzhou(OP684212)and 2019 Ruili(OQ928150).The nucleotide and amino acid similarities of the nine samples were 99.5%-100.0%and 99.8%-100.0%,respectively.Compared with the aforementioned epidemic strains,their nucleotide similarities were 99.7%-100.0%,99.3%-99.7%and 99.3%-99.7%,respectively,and the amino acid similarity was 99.8%-100%,99.8%-100.0%and 99.4%-99.6%,respectively.Two dengue vectors,Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti,were present in Ruili city,and the dengue outbreak was caused primarily by DENV-1 genotype I and DENV-2 Asian genotype I in later 2023.The sources of DENV-1 were probably the same as those of DENV-1 with Guangzhou(2023),and the sources of DENV-2 were probably from Myanmar.Dengue cases were found primarilyin the 20-59 year age group and freelancers,thus suggesting that relevant local departments should strengthen surveillance of dengue imported case and vector.

BACKGROUND:The asymmetrical biomechanical environment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis can lead to further wedge deformation of the vertebral body,which may affect cardiopulmonary function and compress nerves in severe cases.Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with different degrees of scoliosis should be treated with exercise,bracing,and surgery.However,the mechanical mechanism of selecting an orthopedic approach remains unclear due to the individual variability of patients.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the biomechanical mechanism of different orthopedic modalities for the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis to provide a basis for clinical selection of treatment modalities based on the spine model of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients.METHODS:Based on the CT images of an adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patient,a scoliosis model(C7-L5)was reconstructed in Mimics software in three dimensions,and lateral thrust force was applied at the T8/T9 thorax and vertical distraction force was applied over the C7 vertebra with the magnitude of 20,40,60,80,100,and 120 N.The intervertebral disc stress and vertebral displacement in concave and convex sides,and Cobb angle of the spine were analyzed under two orthopedic modalities.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)With lateral thrust,there was no significant change in the C7T1-T7T8 intervertebral disc.The concave and convex stress of T7T8-L4L5 segment decreased first and then increased with the increase of lateral thrust force.The correction effect of lateral thrust on the segment near T8T9 was obvious and weakened with the extension of the segment to the cephalic and caudal ends.At 120 N of lateral thrust,the thoracic Cobb angle changed from 53.2° to 32.5° and the lumbar Cobb angle changed from 50.2° to 43.9°.(2)With the vertical distraction,the thoracic intervertebral disc stresses first decreased and then increased,and all the lumbar disc stresses decreased.The C7 displacement was the most obvious,and the correction effect gradually diminished with the segment extended to the caudal end.At a vertical distraction force of 120 N,the thoracic Cobb angle changed from 53.2° to 39.4° and the lumbar Cobb angle changed from 50.2° to 47.6°.(3)It is concluded that both orthopedic modalities provide improvement in the degree of scoliosis,with the thoracic correction being greater than the lumbar correction.Also,the asymmetric stress distribution on the concave and convex sides is improved,which contributes to normal bone growth.A vertical distraction approach is appropriate for larger Cobb angles,and a lateral thrust approach is appropriate for smaller Cobb angles.The results of this study help to understand the mechanism of spinal orthosis and provide a theoretical basis for the choice of orthopedic approach.

Breastfeeding is essential for the healthy growth and development of infants. The ongoing advancements in technology, such as the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI), have introduced innovative opportunities to support and optimize breastfeeding practices. This review systematically analyzes the progression of AI applications in this field, including intelligent educational platforms, monitoring feeding behavior, analysis of breast milk composition, and clinical decision support systems. Studies demonstrate that machine learning-based technologies can significantly enhance the accuracy of feeding assessments and provide more personalized guidance for caregivers. These innovations not only improve traditional evaluation methods but also pioneer a novel model of precision feeding management. This review highlights the potential of AI in improving breastfeeding quality while addressing challenges in technological implementation, providing critical insights for future research and clinical translation.

Estrogen receptor α36(ERα36),a splice variant of ERα66,is crucial in the pathogenesis,progression,and therapeutic resistance of female estrogen-related tumors(e.g.,breast,cervical,and endometrial cancers)as it uniquely activates non-genomic signaling pathways.This review provides a comprehensive summary of the structural features of ERα36 and its molecular mechanisms in regulating tumor prolif-eration,migration,and drug resistance via membrane-mediated pathways,including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/AKT)and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase(MAPK/ERK).The interaction between ERα36 and epi-dermal growth factor receptor/human epidermal growth factor receptor2(EGFR/HER2)forms a positive feedback loop that exacerbates ma-lignant transformation.High ERα36 expression is associated with decreased sensitivity to chemotherapy and resistance to tamoxifen.Recent studies have demonstrated that natural compounds and synthetic inhibitors targeting ERα36 can reverse drug resistance and suppress can-cer stem cell activity by blocking non-genomic signaling.This review provides novel insights into overcoming drug resistance and optimizing targeted therapies for female estrogen-related malignancies.

AIM:This study aims to investigate the role of histone methyltransferase SET and MYND domain containing 2(SMYD2)in facilitating renal fibrosis through the macrophage-myofibroblast transition in diabetic kidney dis-ease(DKD).METHODS:(1)C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally administered 55 mg/kg of streptozotocin to induce diabetes mellitus(DM).The experimental groups were categorized as follows:normal control,DM(20 weeks),DM(28 weeks),and DM(36 weeks).Blood glucose(BG),serum creatinine(SCr)and blood urea nitrogen(BUN)levels were determined using a biochemical analyzer.Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining and Masson staining were performed to assess morphological and fibrotic changes in renal tissues.Western blot analysis was used to measure the protein levels of SMYD2,histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation(H3K4me3),arginase-1,matrix metalloproteinase 9(MMP9),collagen type Ⅰ(Col Ⅰ)and α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA).Immunofluorescence staining was conducted to examine the localization and expression of F4/80,α-SMA,SMYD2,CD86,CD206 and CD163.(2)Mouse monocyte/macrophage RAW264.7 cells were cultured in vitro and assigned to groups as follows:normal glucose(NG)+negative control siRNA(siNC),high glucose(HG)+siNC,NG+SMYD2 siRNA(siSMYD2),and HG+siSMYD2.Western blot analysis was used to assess the expression of relevant proteins.RESULTS:(1)Compared with normal control group,the levels of BG,SCr and BUN were significantly elevated in DM(28 weeks)and DM(36 weeks)groups(P＜0.05).Renal tissue exhibited tubular atro-phy,dilation,and collagen fiber deposition.The levels of H3K4me3,arginase-1,MMP9,Col Ⅰ and α-SMA proteins were up-regulated(P＜0.05).The CD86,CD206,CD163 and F4/80 were primarily localized in the interstitial macrophages of the renal tubules,α-SMA was predominantly detected in the renal interstitium,and SMYD2 was mainly expressed in renal tubular epithelial cells and the renal interstitium.(2)Compared with NG+siNC group,the protein levels of SMYD2,H3K4me3,arginase-1,CD163,Col Ⅰ,α-SMA,transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)and p-Smad3 in the cells of HG+siNC group were significantly increased(P＜0.05).Knockdown of SMYD2 resulted in a reduction of these indicators(P＜0.05).CONCLUSION:The SMYD2 protein appears to facilitate renal fibrosis in DKD by promoting the macrophage-myofibroblast transition,potentially through the modulation of TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND:Mongolian medicine Echinops sphaerocephalus L.is a commonly used medicine for bone injury in Mongolian medicine.It is effective for tendon injury,fracture,bone nonunion,bone fever,tingling,sore and other diseases.Our previous studies have confirmed that Mongolian medicine Echinops sphaerocephalus L.can promote the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,but its effect on angiogenesis in the process of bone defect repair is unknown.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of Echinops sphaerocephalus L.on in vitro angiogenesis in human umbilical vein vascular endothelial cells and to explore the angiogenesis-promoting active ingredients and their mechanisms of action of Echinops sphaerocephalus L.using network pharmacology technology.METHODS:The ethanol extract of Echinops sphaerocephalus L.was prepared and preserved by freeze-drying.The proliferation,migration,chemotaxis and angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells were observed after treatment with different concentrations(1 000,100,and 10 μg/mL)of Echinops sphaerocephalus L.The active components and possible signaling pathways that promoted angiogenesis were enriched and analyzed by network pharmacology.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The effect of Echinops sphaerocephalus L.on angiogenesis was regulated by its mass concentration:at low mass concentration(10 μg/mL),Echinops sphaerocephalus L.could promote the proliferation,migration,chemotaxis and angiogenesis of human umbilical vein vascular endothelial cells;on the contrary,Echinops sphaerocephalus L.inhibited the proliferation,migration,and chemotaxis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells at high mass concentration(1 000 μg/mL).However,the inhibitory effect of Echinops sphaerocephalus L.on angiogenesis was not significant at high mass concentration due to the limitation of experimental time.10 μg/mL Echinops sphaerocephalus L.could up-regulate the mRNA expression of angiogenesis-associated factors,including kinase insert domain receptor,vascular endothelial growth factor A,and hypoxia-inducible factor α,and thereby influenced angiogenesis during bone repair.(2)Network pharmacological analyses indicated that Echinops sphaerocephalus L.may bind to eight core targets(TGFB1,TNF,IL-6,STAT3,CTNNB1,IL-1B,AKT1,and HIF-1A)through four core active components(apigenin,caffeic acid,quercetin,and chlorogenic acid)to exert an effect on angiogenesis,atherosclerosis,multiple viral infections,and tumor angiogenesis-related signaling pathways.

Estrogen receptor α36(ERα36),a splice variant of ERα66,is crucial in the pathogenesis,progression,and therapeutic resistance of female estrogen-related tumors(e.g.,breast,cervical,and endometrial cancers)as it uniquely activates non-genomic signaling pathways.This review provides a comprehensive summary of the structural features of ERα36 and its molecular mechanisms in regulating tumor prolif-eration,migration,and drug resistance via membrane-mediated pathways,including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/AKT)and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase(MAPK/ERK).The interaction between ERα36 and epi-dermal growth factor receptor/human epidermal growth factor receptor2(EGFR/HER2)forms a positive feedback loop that exacerbates ma-lignant transformation.High ERα36 expression is associated with decreased sensitivity to chemotherapy and resistance to tamoxifen.Recent studies have demonstrated that natural compounds and synthetic inhibitors targeting ERα36 can reverse drug resistance and suppress can-cer stem cell activity by blocking non-genomic signaling.This review provides novel insights into overcoming drug resistance and optimizing targeted therapies for female estrogen-related malignancies.

This study was aimed atanalyzing the epidemic characteristics of dengue fever in Ruili City atthe China-Myanmar bor-der in late 2023,to provide evidence for local dengue fever prevention and control measures.Adult Aedes mosquitoes were collected from Ruili City with a backpack type mosquito sucking machine in October of 2023.Serum samples frompatients with suspected den-gue were collected in acutephase,in November of 2023.Detection ofdengue virus(DENV)nucleic acids in Aedesmosquitoes and acute phase serum samples from suspected dengue fever patients using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction,and nucleic acid positive samples were inoculated into Vero cells for viral culture.After three consecutive blind passage,samples with cytopathic effect(CPE)were collected for be sequencingand analysisof genetic and evolutionary information.Dengue case characteristics were analyzed through descriptive epidemiological methods.Among the 109 cases of dengue fever,the ratio of males to females was 1.27∶1.The youngest patient was 1 year old,the oldest patient was 84 years old,the age group of 20～59 years accounted for 73.39%,and the major-ity of occupations were freelancer(40.37%).A total of 827 female Aedes albopictus and 312 Aedes aegypti were collected,all of which tested negative for DENV nucleic acid.109 serum samples tested positive for DENV nucleic acid,including 49 DENV-1 and 60 DENV-2.Moreover,five DENV-1 and nine DENV-2 samples were obtainedthrough third-generation blind passaging with CPE.The E gene sequences of these five DENV-1 strains were detected,all were found to belong to DENV-1 genotype I,and had same evolu-tionary branch as the 2023 Guangzhou,China(PP563911),the 2019 Myanmar(MW793710),and 2019 Attapeu,Laos(MW559046).The nucleotide and amino acid sequence similarityamong the five DENV-1 genotype was 99.4%-99.9%and 99.8%-100.0%.Compared with the aforementioned epidemic strains,their nucleotide similarities were 99.5%-100.0%,99.4%-99.6%and 99.3%-99.5%,respec-tively,and amino acid similarity was 99.8%-100.0%.Nine DENV-2 E gene sequences were of Asian genotype I and belonged to the same evolutionary branch as the 2018 Myanmar(MW788982),2019 Hangzhou(OP684212)and 2019 Ruili(OQ928150).The nucleotide and amino acid similarities of the nine samples were 99.5%-100.0%and 99.8%-100.0%,respectively.Compared with the aforementioned epidemic strains,their nucleotide similarities were 99.7%-100.0%,99.3%-99.7%and 99.3%-99.7%,respectively,and the amino acid similarity was 99.8%-100%,99.8%-100.0%and 99.4%-99.6%,respectively.Two dengue vectors,Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti,were present in Ruili city,and the dengue outbreak was caused primarily by DENV-1 genotype I and DENV-2 Asian genotype I in later 2023.The sources of DENV-1 were probably the same as those of DENV-1 with Guangzhou(2023),and the sources of DENV-2 were probably from Myanmar.Dengue cases were found primarilyin the 20-59 year age group and freelancers,thus suggesting that relevant local departments should strengthen surveillance of dengue imported case and vector.

BACKGROUND:The asymmetrical biomechanical environment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis can lead to further wedge deformation of the vertebral body,which may affect cardiopulmonary function and compress nerves in severe cases.Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with different degrees of scoliosis should be treated with exercise,bracing,and surgery.However,the mechanical mechanism of selecting an orthopedic approach remains unclear due to the individual variability of patients.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the biomechanical mechanism of different orthopedic modalities for the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis to provide a basis for clinical selection of treatment modalities based on the spine model of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients.METHODS:Based on the CT images of an adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patient,a scoliosis model(C7-L5)was reconstructed in Mimics software in three dimensions,and lateral thrust force was applied at the T8/T9 thorax and vertical distraction force was applied over the C7 vertebra with the magnitude of 20,40,60,80,100,and 120 N.The intervertebral disc stress and vertebral displacement in concave and convex sides,and Cobb angle of the spine were analyzed under two orthopedic modalities.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)With lateral thrust,there was no significant change in the C7T1-T7T8 intervertebral disc.The concave and convex stress of T7T8-L4L5 segment decreased first and then increased with the increase of lateral thrust force.The correction effect of lateral thrust on the segment near T8T9 was obvious and weakened with the extension of the segment to the cephalic and caudal ends.At 120 N of lateral thrust,the thoracic Cobb angle changed from 53.2° to 32.5° and the lumbar Cobb angle changed from 50.2° to 43.9°.(2)With the vertical distraction,the thoracic intervertebral disc stresses first decreased and then increased,and all the lumbar disc stresses decreased.The C7 displacement was the most obvious,and the correction effect gradually diminished with the segment extended to the caudal end.At a vertical distraction force of 120 N,the thoracic Cobb angle changed from 53.2° to 39.4° and the lumbar Cobb angle changed from 50.2° to 47.6°.(3)It is concluded that both orthopedic modalities provide improvement in the degree of scoliosis,with the thoracic correction being greater than the lumbar correction.Also,the asymmetric stress distribution on the concave and convex sides is improved,which contributes to normal bone growth.A vertical distraction approach is appropriate for larger Cobb angles,and a lateral thrust approach is appropriate for smaller Cobb angles.The results of this study help to understand the mechanism of spinal orthosis and provide a theoretical basis for the choice of orthopedic approach.

AIM:This study aims to investigate the role of histone methyltransferase SET and MYND domain containing 2(SMYD2)in facilitating renal fibrosis through the macrophage-myofibroblast transition in diabetic kidney dis-ease(DKD).METHODS:(1)C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally administered 55 mg/kg of streptozotocin to induce diabetes mellitus(DM).The experimental groups were categorized as follows:normal control,DM(20 weeks),DM(28 weeks),and DM(36 weeks).Blood glucose(BG),serum creatinine(SCr)and blood urea nitrogen(BUN)levels were determined using a biochemical analyzer.Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining and Masson staining were performed to assess morphological and fibrotic changes in renal tissues.Western blot analysis was used to measure the protein levels of SMYD2,histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation(H3K4me3),arginase-1,matrix metalloproteinase 9(MMP9),collagen type Ⅰ(Col Ⅰ)and α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA).Immunofluorescence staining was conducted to examine the localization and expression of F4/80,α-SMA,SMYD2,CD86,CD206 and CD163.(2)Mouse monocyte/macrophage RAW264.7 cells were cultured in vitro and assigned to groups as follows:normal glucose(NG)+negative control siRNA(siNC),high glucose(HG)+siNC,NG+SMYD2 siRNA(siSMYD2),and HG+siSMYD2.Western blot analysis was used to assess the expression of relevant proteins.RESULTS:(1)Compared with normal control group,the levels of BG,SCr and BUN were significantly elevated in DM(28 weeks)and DM(36 weeks)groups(P＜0.05).Renal tissue exhibited tubular atro-phy,dilation,and collagen fiber deposition.The levels of H3K4me3,arginase-1,MMP9,Col Ⅰ and α-SMA proteins were up-regulated(P＜0.05).The CD86,CD206,CD163 and F4/80 were primarily localized in the interstitial macrophages of the renal tubules,α-SMA was predominantly detected in the renal interstitium,and SMYD2 was mainly expressed in renal tubular epithelial cells and the renal interstitium.(2)Compared with NG+siNC group,the protein levels of SMYD2,H3K4me3,arginase-1,CD163,Col Ⅰ,α-SMA,transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)and p-Smad3 in the cells of HG+siNC group were significantly increased(P＜0.05).Knockdown of SMYD2 resulted in a reduction of these indicators(P＜0.05).CONCLUSION:The SMYD2 protein appears to facilitate renal fibrosis in DKD by promoting the macrophage-myofibroblast transition,potentially through the modulation of TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway.