Irritable bowel syndrome （IBS） is a functional bowel disorder characterized primarily by abdominal pain and altered defecation habits. In recent years， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has made progress in multiple aspects of IBS research and treatment， including syndrome distribution， development of TCM formulas， clinical efficacy evaluation， external therapies， and psychosocial regulation. However， it still faces challenges such as over-reliance on symptomatic manifestations rather than biomarkers for diagnostic criteria， and the lack of high-quality evidence-based data supporting the efficacy of TCM formulas in treating IBS. This paper proposed that TCM diagnosis and treatment of IBS should adhere to the strategy of integrating the holistic concept with syndrome differentiation and treatment， combining TCM external therapies such as acupuncture， moxibustion and acupoint application）， and emphasizing individualized diagnosis and treatment for psychosomatic abnormalities. Future research should integrate multi-omics technologies， artificial intelligence and other methods to deepen the understanding of the pathogenesis of IBS and the mechanisms of TCM formulas， so as to promote the standardization and internationalization of TCM in the diagnosis and treatment of IBS.

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of Shengdi Xiexin Decoction combined with proton pump inhibitors(PPIs)in the treatment of acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding(ANVUGIB)with stomach-heat congestion syndrome.Methods Sixty-two patients with ANVUGIB of stomach-heat congestion syndrome admitted to Dongguan Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine between January and December 2024 were randomly divided into a treatment group(n=31)and a control group(n=31)using a random number table.The control group received conventional western therapy(e.g.,Omeprazole Sodium),while the treatment group additionally received Shengdi Xiexin Decoction.Both groups were treated for 7 days,followed by 8 weeks of follow-up.The changes in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)syndrome scores,hematological parameters[hemoglobin(Hb),red blood cells(RBC),hematocrit(Hct),albumin(ALB)],tissue perfusion and metabolic markers[blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio(BUN/Cr),lactate(Lac)levels],hemostasis time,time to resume oral diet,hospital stay duration,hospitalization costs,and rebleeding rates were observed to evaluate the clinical efficacy and drug safety.Results(1)After 7 days of treatment,the total effective rate was significantly higher in the treatment group(90.32％,28/31)than that in the control group(74.19％,23/31).The intergroup comparison(by chi-square test)showed that the treatment group,efficacy was superior to that of the control group(P＜0.05).(2)The treatment group showed significantly short hemostasis time,time to resume oral diet,and hospital stay duration(P＜0.05),as well as significantly low hospitalization costs(P＜0.05)compared to the control group.(3)Both groups exhibited significant reductions in the scores of epigastric burning pain,abdominal distension,acid regurgitation,restlessness,excessive thirst,scanty dark uring and dry stools,and total TCM syndrome scores(P＜0.05).The treatment group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in the scores of abdominal distension,acid regurgitation,restlessness,dark uring and dry stools,and total TCM syndrome scores(P＜0.05),while no significant differences were observed in epigastric burning pain and excessive thirst(P＞0.05).(4)Hb and Hct levels increased significantly in both groups(P＜0.05),with a greater increase in the treatment group(P＜0.05).Although RBC and ALB levels showed an upward trend,no significant differences were observed between groups(P＞0.05).Following treatment,intergroup comparisons revealed that the treatment group demonstrated significantly greater increases in Hb and Hct levels than the control group(P＜0.05).In contrast,the two groups showed comparable effects in elevating RBC and ALB levels,with no statistically significant differences(P＞0.05).(5)BUN/Cr ratio and Lac levels decreased significantly in both groups(P＜0.05),with a more pronounced reduction in the treatment group(P＜0.05).(6)No significant differences were found in early or delayed rebleeding rates between groups(P＞0.05).(7)Neither group experienced significant adverse events.Conclusion Shengdi Xiexin Decoction combined with PPIs significantly improves clinical outcomes in ANVUGIB patients with stomach-heat congestion syndrome.It is effective on enhancing hematological parameters,correcting tissue hypoperfusion,alleviating symptoms,shortening hemostasis time and hospitalization durations,and reducing medical costs,demonstrating excellent safety.

Based on the"You Gu Wu Yun"theory in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),this paper believes that"Gu"in"You Gu Wu Yun"is extended to"state"from the perspective of"TCM state".In order to avoid the adverse reactions of TCM,the macro,meso,and micro three views should be used together,and macro,meso,and micro parameters should be integrated.We should also carefully identify the physiological characteristics,pathological characteristics,constitution,syndrome,and disease of human body by combining qualitative and quantitative method,highlighting the relationship between the prescription and the"state".The correspondence between prescription and the"state"will reduce the risk of adverse reactions of TCM.In this paper,we hope to focus on the guiding role of the"You Gu Wu Yun"theory in TCM research,to give full play to the characteristics and advantages of TCM,and to dialectically treat the role of TCM.

Tumor immunotherapy is a therapeutic modality that uses immunological principles and methods to activate and enhance the body''s immune system to generate immune response for the removal of tumour cells. Many new immunotherapeutic agents have demonstrated effective anti-tumour capabilities, yet their clinical use is challenging due to the complex mechanisms of tumour immune escape. Meanwhile, these drugs would accumulate in different tissues and organs in the human body and be unable to achieve precise and specific targeting therapeutic effects, resulting in serious immune-related adverse effects, which greatly hinders the clinical potential of immunotherapy.Nanodrug delivery systems can deliver immunotherapeutic drugs to target tissues or specific immune cells precisely, thereby enhancing immune effects and reducing side effects.This paper reviews the research progress of nanodrug delivery systems in tumour immunotherapy in recent years based on the regulatory mechanism of the anti-tumour immune response, with a prospect of the challenges and development in this field.

Objective : To study smile exposure in 20- to 30-year-olds with convex facial profiles and to explore the correlation between smile exposure and other aesthetic indicators, as well as psychological factors. Methods : This study obtained ethical approval from the hospital. After they gave informed consent and portrait authorization, 80 young subjects aged 20-30 with convex facial profiles had their dynamic postural smile and spontaneous laughter recorded. The videos were imported into Photoshop CC software, key frames were selected, and the smile exposure was measured. The three-dimensional information of the subject's face in a resting state was obtained, the relevant aesthetic indicators were measured, and the satisfaction degree of their smile and laughter were evaluated. Correlation analysis was conducted for smile exposure and the relevant aesthetic indicators and subjective psychological evaluation. Results : There were statistically significant differences in smile exposure, smile patterns, relevant aesthetic indicators and subjective psychological evaluation between males and females aged 20 to 30 (P<0.05). There was a large gap between males and females in the average opening degree when laughing, males having 5 times that of females, while the average gingival exposure height of the maxillary central incisor in males was approximately 1/2 of that in females. The average nasolabial angle of males (99.80° ± 7.96°) was larger than that of females (96.26° ± 7.31°) (P<0.05), while the average ratio of upper lip length to the length of the lower 1/3 of the face of males (33.73% ± 2.35%) was less than that of females (38.57% ± 2.76%) (P<0.05). The average psychological score of males (57.75±13.46) was higher than that of females (53.69±17.95) (P<0.05). The ratios of maxillary teeth and gingival exposure to oral fissure in the postural smile were positively correlated with the nasolabial angle. The oral fissure width in spontaneous laughter was negatively correlated with psychological score. Conclusion Convex-faced males and females aged 20 to 30 have different smile exposures and smile patterns. Males tend to smile more openly with a larger opening and less gingival exposure, while females tend to grin with a small opening and more gingival exposure. Smile exposure is positively correlated with nasolabial angle and negatively correlated with smile satisfaction.

The extremely low bioavailability of oral paclitaxel (PTX) mainly due to the complicated gastrointestinal environment, the obstruction of intestinal mucus layer and epithelium barrier. Thus, it is of great significance to construct a coordinative delivery system which can overcome multiple intestinal physicochemical obstacles simultaneously. In this work, a high-density PEGylation-based glycocholic acid-decorated micelles (PTX@GNPs) was constructed by a novel polymer, 9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-polyethylene glycocholic acid (Fmoc-PEG-GCA). The Fmoc motif in this polymer could encapsulate PTX via π‒π stacking to form the core of micelles, and the low molecular weight and non-long hydrophobic chain of Fmoc ensures the high-density of PEG. Based on this versatile and flexible carriers, PTX@GNPs possess mucus trapping escape ability due to the flexible PEG, and excellent intestine epithelium targeting attributed to the high affinity of GCA with apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter. The in vitro and in vivo results showed that this oral micelle could enhance oral bioavailability of PTX, and exhibited similar antitumor efficacy to Taxol injection via intravenous route. In addition, oral PTX@GNPs administered with lower dosage within shorter interval could increase in vivo retention time of PTX, which supposed to remodel immune microenvironment and enhance oral chemotherapy efficacy by synergistic effect.

Peptide‒drug conjugates (PDCs) are drug delivery systems consisting of a drug covalently coupled to a multifunctional peptide via a cleavable linker. As an emerging prodrug strategy, PDCs not only preserve the function and bioactivity of the peptides but also release the drugs responsively with the cleavable property of the linkers. Given the ability to significantly improve the circulation stability and targeting of drugs in vivo and reduce the toxic side effects of drugs, PDCs have already been extensively applied in drug delivery. Herein, we review the types and mechanisms of peptides, linkers and drugs used to construct PDCs, and summarize the clinical applications and challenges of PDC drugs.

【Objective】 In an effort to prevent transfusion-transmitted hepatitis B infection, universal HBsAg screening, HBsAg+ MP nucleic acid test(NAT) for HBV and HBsAg + individual(ID) NAT were analyzed for cost-effectiveness. 【Methods】 On the basis of screening data and the documented parameter, the number of window period infections, chronic infections and occult infections was constructed, and cost-benefit analysis was conducted. 【Results】 Of 132 208 donations, the yield rate of ID NAT for HBsAg-/DNA+ (0.11%) was significantly higher than HBsAg+ MP NAT(0.058%). Furthermore, the predicted preventing transfusion transmitted HBV cases by ID NAT is 1.25 times as that by MP-6 NAT, so did the benefits. The cost-benefit of the three screening models were 1∶63.6、1∶28.6 and 1∶53.4. 【Conclusion】 Universal HBsAg in combination with ID HBV NAT screening was the most effective among all screening strategy. It is necessary to applied HBsAg and ID HBV NAT screening for the safety of blood transfusion.

Objective:To explore the economic applicability and safetyof the novel uterovaginal pubic comb suspension(UPCS)surgery with Mersilene tape in the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse(POP).Methods:A ret-rospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of patients who underwent UPCS surgery due to POP from January 1st,2021 to February 28,2023.They were divided to the UPCS surgery with Mersilene tape group(group A)and suspension surgery with Y-shaped mesh group(group B)respectively.The POP-Q indication points,sus-pension surgery duration,intraoperative bleeding volume,material expense,postoperative catheter retention time,anal exhaust time and hospitalization duration were recorded for both groupbefore and after surgery.Evaluate the severity of POP related symptoms in patients before and after surgery using the pelvic Floor Distress Invento-ry-short Form 20(PFDI-20)and Pelvic Organ Prolapsed/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire-12(PISQ-12),and follow up and observe the patients and analyze the complications.Results:A total of 17 POP patients were included in the study.There were 12 patients in group A while 5 patients in group B.The suspension material expense of group A was considerably lower than that of group B(P＜0.05).There was no significant difference between the two groups in preoperative PFDI-20 score,preoperative PISQ-12 score,UPCS surgery duration,intr-aoperative bleeding volume,postoperative urinary catheter retention time,postoperative anal exhaust time and hospitalization duration.All patients showed stable vital signs during the surgery and no severe complications were reported.Compared with the preoperative status,the positions of the Aa,Ba,and C indicatorpoint in group A and group B were all increased significantly(P＜0.05).The PFDl-20 and PISQ-12 scores of the two groups at the last follow-up after surgery showed significant improvement compared to those before surgery(P＜0.05).No signifi-cant difference was found in the PFDI-20 and PISQ-12 scores between the two groups after surgery(P＞0.05).There were no significant differences in the postoperative complications between the two groups(P＞0.05).Con-clusions:Compared with suspension surgery with Y-shaped mesh,UPCS surgery with Mersilene tape is safe and effective in the treatment of POP.The UPCS surgery with Mersilene tape showed better cost-effectiveness in the treatment of POP,and the surgical steps are relatively simple.Therefore,UPCS surgery with Mersilene tape was worthy of promotion in clinical practice.