As a new type of high-risk packaging container, prefilled syringes are more widely used, and concerns regarding their effectiveness, stability and safety in clinical use have become prominent increasingly. However, the leachable substances from prefilled syringes may cause harm to humans in different degrees. Therefore, this paper reviews the research progress of leachable substances in prefilled syringes, which is not only of great significance for the quality control of prefilled syringe products, but also contributes to the healthy development of the industry.
Syringes ; Drug Packaging ; Quality Control

Aconitum (Ranunculaceae) has a long-standing history in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), where it has been widely used to treat conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), myocardial infarction, and heart failure. However, the potency of Aconitum alkaloids, the primary active components of Aconitum, also confers substantial toxicity. Therefore, assessing the efficacy and toxicity of these Aconitum alkaloids is crucial for ensuring clinical effectiveness and safety. Metabolomics, a quantitative method for analyzing low-molecular-weight metabolites involved in metabolic pathways, provides a comprehensive view of the metabolic state across multiple systems in vivo. This approach has become a vital investigative tool for facilitating the evaluation of their efficacy and toxicity, identifying potential sensitive biomarkers, and offering a promising avenue for elucidating the pharmacological and toxicological mechanisms underlying TCM. This review focuses on the applications of metabolomics in pharmacological and toxicological studies of Aconitum alkaloids in recent years and highlights the significant role of metabolomics in exploring compatibility detoxification and the mechanisms of TCM processing, aiming to identify more viable methods for characterizing toxic medicinal plants.
Aconitum/metabolism* ; Metabolomics/methods* ; Alkaloids/metabolism* ; Humans ; Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

Malignant tumors pose a serious threat to human health and are one of the main causes of human death worldwide.In order to further improve the therapeutic outcomes of malignant tumors and prolong patients'survival time,clarifying the pathogenesis of malignant tumors and searching for new diagnostic and therapeutic targets become particularly important.It has been found that the occurrence and development of malignant tumors are the results of the interaction between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment(TME).Versican,encoded by the VCAN gene,is a type of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan belonging to the exogenous lectin proteoglycan family.It is a major component of the extracellular matrix and plays an important role in embryonic development and inflammatory responses.As an important component of TME,versican is abnormally expressed in various tumor tissues such as renal cell carcinoma,hepatocellular carcinoma,and gastric cancer,and is closely related to the clinical pathological characteristics and prognosis of the patients.It is a potential biomarker for early diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of tumors.Further researches have shown that versican can promote tumor development in a number of ways,such as promoting tumor cell proliferation,invasion and metastasis,inhibiting tumor cell apoptosis,promoting tumor angiogenesis,and inhibiting anti-tumor immune responses.This article reviews the current research status of the expression and biological effects of versican in malignant tumors,aiming to provide reference for subsequent research,clinical diagnosis and treatment of tumors.

Objective: Epidemiological studies on spinal cord tumors are rare, and studies on primary intramedullary tumors are even rarer. The incidence and survival of patients with primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors have not been well documented. We aimed to study the incidence and survival of patients with primary spinal cord malignant and borderline malignant tumors based on data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database and provide information for revealing the epidemiology and exploring the prognosis of patients with primary intramedullary tumors. Methods: Patients in the SEER database with microscopically diagnosed malignant and borderline malignant primary spinal cord tumors from 2000 and 2019 were included in this study. We analyzed the distribution of patients according to the demographic and clinical characteristics. Then, we extracted the incidence rate and 5-year relative survival for the whole cohort and different subgroups of the cohort. Finally, multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the independent prognostic factors associated with overall survival. Results: A total of 5,211 patients with malignant and borderline malignant primary spinal cord tumors were included in this cohort study. Ependymoma, astrocytoma (including oligodendrogliomas and glioblastoma), lymphoma and hemangioblastoma were the most common pathological types. The age-adjusted incidence rates of primary spinal cord ependymoma was 0.18 per 100,000. The incidence rate for females was significantly lower than that for males. The incidence rate was highest in Caucasian. The incidence rate of ependymoma was significantly higher than that of other pathological types. The incidence of astrocytoma was highest among people aged 0–19 years, the incidence of ependymoma was highest among people aged 40–59 years, and the incidence of lymphoma was highest among people aged 60 years or older. The 5-year observed survival and relative survival rates for the whole cohort were 82.80% and 86.00%, respectively. Patients diagnosed with ependymoma had significantly better survival than their counterparts. We also found the impact of surgery and chemotherapy on the prognosis of patients with different tumors varies a lot. Conclusion We conducted a population-based analysis of malignant and borderline malignant primary spinal cord tumors with the aim of revealing the epidemiology and survival of patients with primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors. Despite some shortcomings, this study provides valuable information to help us better understand the epidemiological characteristics of primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors.

Objective: Epidemiological studies on spinal cord tumors are rare, and studies on primary intramedullary tumors are even rarer. The incidence and survival of patients with primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors have not been well documented. We aimed to study the incidence and survival of patients with primary spinal cord malignant and borderline malignant tumors based on data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database and provide information for revealing the epidemiology and exploring the prognosis of patients with primary intramedullary tumors. Methods: Patients in the SEER database with microscopically diagnosed malignant and borderline malignant primary spinal cord tumors from 2000 and 2019 were included in this study. We analyzed the distribution of patients according to the demographic and clinical characteristics. Then, we extracted the incidence rate and 5-year relative survival for the whole cohort and different subgroups of the cohort. Finally, multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the independent prognostic factors associated with overall survival. Results: A total of 5,211 patients with malignant and borderline malignant primary spinal cord tumors were included in this cohort study. Ependymoma, astrocytoma (including oligodendrogliomas and glioblastoma), lymphoma and hemangioblastoma were the most common pathological types. The age-adjusted incidence rates of primary spinal cord ependymoma was 0.18 per 100,000. The incidence rate for females was significantly lower than that for males. The incidence rate was highest in Caucasian. The incidence rate of ependymoma was significantly higher than that of other pathological types. The incidence of astrocytoma was highest among people aged 0–19 years, the incidence of ependymoma was highest among people aged 40–59 years, and the incidence of lymphoma was highest among people aged 60 years or older. The 5-year observed survival and relative survival rates for the whole cohort were 82.80% and 86.00%, respectively. Patients diagnosed with ependymoma had significantly better survival than their counterparts. We also found the impact of surgery and chemotherapy on the prognosis of patients with different tumors varies a lot. Conclusion We conducted a population-based analysis of malignant and borderline malignant primary spinal cord tumors with the aim of revealing the epidemiology and survival of patients with primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors. Despite some shortcomings, this study provides valuable information to help us better understand the epidemiological characteristics of primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors.

Objective: Epidemiological studies on spinal cord tumors are rare, and studies on primary intramedullary tumors are even rarer. The incidence and survival of patients with primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors have not been well documented. We aimed to study the incidence and survival of patients with primary spinal cord malignant and borderline malignant tumors based on data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database and provide information for revealing the epidemiology and exploring the prognosis of patients with primary intramedullary tumors. Methods: Patients in the SEER database with microscopically diagnosed malignant and borderline malignant primary spinal cord tumors from 2000 and 2019 were included in this study. We analyzed the distribution of patients according to the demographic and clinical characteristics. Then, we extracted the incidence rate and 5-year relative survival for the whole cohort and different subgroups of the cohort. Finally, multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the independent prognostic factors associated with overall survival. Results: A total of 5,211 patients with malignant and borderline malignant primary spinal cord tumors were included in this cohort study. Ependymoma, astrocytoma (including oligodendrogliomas and glioblastoma), lymphoma and hemangioblastoma were the most common pathological types. The age-adjusted incidence rates of primary spinal cord ependymoma was 0.18 per 100,000. The incidence rate for females was significantly lower than that for males. The incidence rate was highest in Caucasian. The incidence rate of ependymoma was significantly higher than that of other pathological types. The incidence of astrocytoma was highest among people aged 0–19 years, the incidence of ependymoma was highest among people aged 40–59 years, and the incidence of lymphoma was highest among people aged 60 years or older. The 5-year observed survival and relative survival rates for the whole cohort were 82.80% and 86.00%, respectively. Patients diagnosed with ependymoma had significantly better survival than their counterparts. We also found the impact of surgery and chemotherapy on the prognosis of patients with different tumors varies a lot. Conclusion We conducted a population-based analysis of malignant and borderline malignant primary spinal cord tumors with the aim of revealing the epidemiology and survival of patients with primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors. Despite some shortcomings, this study provides valuable information to help us better understand the epidemiological characteristics of primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors.

Objective: Epidemiological studies on spinal cord tumors are rare, and studies on primary intramedullary tumors are even rarer. The incidence and survival of patients with primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors have not been well documented. We aimed to study the incidence and survival of patients with primary spinal cord malignant and borderline malignant tumors based on data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database and provide information for revealing the epidemiology and exploring the prognosis of patients with primary intramedullary tumors. Methods: Patients in the SEER database with microscopically diagnosed malignant and borderline malignant primary spinal cord tumors from 2000 and 2019 were included in this study. We analyzed the distribution of patients according to the demographic and clinical characteristics. Then, we extracted the incidence rate and 5-year relative survival for the whole cohort and different subgroups of the cohort. Finally, multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the independent prognostic factors associated with overall survival. Results: A total of 5,211 patients with malignant and borderline malignant primary spinal cord tumors were included in this cohort study. Ependymoma, astrocytoma (including oligodendrogliomas and glioblastoma), lymphoma and hemangioblastoma were the most common pathological types. The age-adjusted incidence rates of primary spinal cord ependymoma was 0.18 per 100,000. The incidence rate for females was significantly lower than that for males. The incidence rate was highest in Caucasian. The incidence rate of ependymoma was significantly higher than that of other pathological types. The incidence of astrocytoma was highest among people aged 0–19 years, the incidence of ependymoma was highest among people aged 40–59 years, and the incidence of lymphoma was highest among people aged 60 years or older. The 5-year observed survival and relative survival rates for the whole cohort were 82.80% and 86.00%, respectively. Patients diagnosed with ependymoma had significantly better survival than their counterparts. We also found the impact of surgery and chemotherapy on the prognosis of patients with different tumors varies a lot. Conclusion We conducted a population-based analysis of malignant and borderline malignant primary spinal cord tumors with the aim of revealing the epidemiology and survival of patients with primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors. Despite some shortcomings, this study provides valuable information to help us better understand the epidemiological characteristics of primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors.

Objective: Epidemiological studies on spinal cord tumors are rare, and studies on primary intramedullary tumors are even rarer. The incidence and survival of patients with primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors have not been well documented. We aimed to study the incidence and survival of patients with primary spinal cord malignant and borderline malignant tumors based on data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database and provide information for revealing the epidemiology and exploring the prognosis of patients with primary intramedullary tumors. Methods: Patients in the SEER database with microscopically diagnosed malignant and borderline malignant primary spinal cord tumors from 2000 and 2019 were included in this study. We analyzed the distribution of patients according to the demographic and clinical characteristics. Then, we extracted the incidence rate and 5-year relative survival for the whole cohort and different subgroups of the cohort. Finally, multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the independent prognostic factors associated with overall survival. Results: A total of 5,211 patients with malignant and borderline malignant primary spinal cord tumors were included in this cohort study. Ependymoma, astrocytoma (including oligodendrogliomas and glioblastoma), lymphoma and hemangioblastoma were the most common pathological types. The age-adjusted incidence rates of primary spinal cord ependymoma was 0.18 per 100,000. The incidence rate for females was significantly lower than that for males. The incidence rate was highest in Caucasian. The incidence rate of ependymoma was significantly higher than that of other pathological types. The incidence of astrocytoma was highest among people aged 0–19 years, the incidence of ependymoma was highest among people aged 40–59 years, and the incidence of lymphoma was highest among people aged 60 years or older. The 5-year observed survival and relative survival rates for the whole cohort were 82.80% and 86.00%, respectively. Patients diagnosed with ependymoma had significantly better survival than their counterparts. We also found the impact of surgery and chemotherapy on the prognosis of patients with different tumors varies a lot. Conclusion We conducted a population-based analysis of malignant and borderline malignant primary spinal cord tumors with the aim of revealing the epidemiology and survival of patients with primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors. Despite some shortcomings, this study provides valuable information to help us better understand the epidemiological characteristics of primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors.

Shengmai formula,composed of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma,Ophiopogon Radix and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus,is a classic and famous formula.It is a representative formula for"supplementing qi,nourishing yin,and generating fluid"in Traditional Chinese Medicine theory.To date,a wide range of Shengmai formulae have been developed according to different medical applications,but the quality evaluation standards are at a relatively low level,and most of them only specify the individual components of a single herb,making it difficult to ensure clinical efficacy and safety.At the same time,the physical and chemical identification methods of Shengmai formula have been constantly updated,allowing for greater progress in research on its main chemical components such as saponins,lignans and flavonoids.However,there is little systematic summarization of the chemical components and analytical methods.Based on the existing references,we systematically summarized ginsenosides,ophiopogonins,schisandra lignans,homoisoflavonoids and some other compounds in this paper,as well as the quality standards of Shengmai formulae and their analytical methods in order to aid clinical research and formulation manufacture.

Bile acids(BAs)are synthesized by the liver from cholesterol through several complementary pathways and aberrant cholesterol metabolism plays pivotal roles in the pathogeneses of cholesterol gallbladder polyps(CGP)and cholesterol gallstones(CGS).To date,there is neither systematic study on BAs profile of CGP or CGS,nor the relationship between them.To explore the metabolomics profile of plasma BAs in healthy volunteers,CGP and CGS patients,an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS)method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of 42 free and conjugated BAs in human plasma.The developed method was sensitive and reproducible to be applied for the quantification of BAs in the investigation of plasma samples.The results show that,compared to healthy volunteers,CGP and CGS were both characterized by the significant decrease in plasma BAs pool size,furthermore CGP and CGS shared aberrant BAs metabolic characteristics.Cheno-deoxycholic acid,glycochenodeoxycholic acid,λ-muricholic acid,deoxycholic acid,and 7-ketolithocholic acid were shared potential markers of these two cholesterol gallbladder diseases.Subsequent analysis showed that clinical characteristics including cysteine,ornithine and body mass index might be closely related to metabolisms of certain BA modules.This work provides metabolomic information for the study of gallbladder diseases and analytical methodologies for clinical target analysis and efficacy evaluation related to BAs in medical institutions.