Objective To understand the current situation of healthcare-associated infection(HAI)in China,pro-vide data support and decision-making basis for formulating scientific and effective strategies for HAI prevention and control.Methods A nationwide cross-sectional survey on HAI was conducted among various types and levels of medical institutions in China according to a unified protocol of bedside surveys and case investigations.Results In 2024,a total of 5 736 medical institutions and 2 751 765 patients were surveyed.Among them,34 889 HAI cases were identified,with a prevalence rate of 1.27％.The number of HAI episodes was 38 032,and case prevalence rate was 1.38％.The prevalence rate of HAI in medical institutions in different regions of China ranged from 0.66％to 2.35％.Among medical institutions of different scales,those with a bed capacity of ≥900 had the high-est incidence of HAI,reaching 1.65％.The most common infection site was the lower respiratory tract(44.66％),followed by the urinary tract(12.94％),surgical site(9.32％),upper respiratory tract(7.02％),and bloodstream infection(5.78％).The top 3 departments with the highest HAI rates were the general intensive care unit(10.02％),department of neurosurgery(5.51％),and department(group)of hematology(5.34％).A total of 23 238 strains of HAI pathogens were detected,with 10 714 strains(46.10％)from lower respiratory tract speci-mens.The top 5 detected strains were Klebsiella pneumoniae(14.76％),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(13.33％),Escherichia coli(12.79％),Acinetobacter baumannii(9.23％),and Staphylococcus aureus(7.88％).231 944 pa-tients underwent class Ⅰ incision surgery were monitored,with 1 647 cases experienced surgical site infection,and the prevalence rate of surgical site infection was 0.71％.The number of patients who should undergo pathogen de-tection(patients receiving therapeutic and therapeutic combined prophylactic antimicrobial agents)was 715 179,while the actual number was 480 492,with a pathogen detection rate of 67.18％.425 225 patients received patho-genic detection before treatment,with a detection rate of 59.46％.Conclusion The overall HAI prevalence in Chi-na is lower,showing disparities among medical institutions of different regions and scales.Therefore,precise imple-mentation of measures is necessary for HAI prevention and control,with a focus on high-risk institutions and high-risk departments,key areas,and critical procedures.All levels of medical institutions should continuously reduce the incidence of HAI by strengthening monitoring,standardizing the use of antimicrobial agents,and reinforcing basic HAI prevention and control measures.

Objective To understand the current situation of healthcare-associated infection(HAI)in China,pro-vide data support and decision-making basis for formulating scientific and effective strategies for HAI prevention and control.Methods A nationwide cross-sectional survey on HAI was conducted among various types and levels of medical institutions in China according to a unified protocol of bedside surveys and case investigations.Results In 2024,a total of 5 736 medical institutions and 2 751 765 patients were surveyed.Among them,34 889 HAI cases were identified,with a prevalence rate of 1.27％.The number of HAI episodes was 38 032,and case prevalence rate was 1.38％.The prevalence rate of HAI in medical institutions in different regions of China ranged from 0.66％to 2.35％.Among medical institutions of different scales,those with a bed capacity of ≥900 had the high-est incidence of HAI,reaching 1.65％.The most common infection site was the lower respiratory tract(44.66％),followed by the urinary tract(12.94％),surgical site(9.32％),upper respiratory tract(7.02％),and bloodstream infection(5.78％).The top 3 departments with the highest HAI rates were the general intensive care unit(10.02％),department of neurosurgery(5.51％),and department(group)of hematology(5.34％).A total of 23 238 strains of HAI pathogens were detected,with 10 714 strains(46.10％)from lower respiratory tract speci-mens.The top 5 detected strains were Klebsiella pneumoniae(14.76％),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(13.33％),Escherichia coli(12.79％),Acinetobacter baumannii(9.23％),and Staphylococcus aureus(7.88％).231 944 pa-tients underwent class Ⅰ incision surgery were monitored,with 1 647 cases experienced surgical site infection,and the prevalence rate of surgical site infection was 0.71％.The number of patients who should undergo pathogen de-tection(patients receiving therapeutic and therapeutic combined prophylactic antimicrobial agents)was 715 179,while the actual number was 480 492,with a pathogen detection rate of 67.18％.425 225 patients received patho-genic detection before treatment,with a detection rate of 59.46％.Conclusion The overall HAI prevalence in Chi-na is lower,showing disparities among medical institutions of different regions and scales.Therefore,precise imple-mentation of measures is necessary for HAI prevention and control,with a focus on high-risk institutions and high-risk departments,key areas,and critical procedures.All levels of medical institutions should continuously reduce the incidence of HAI by strengthening monitoring,standardizing the use of antimicrobial agents,and reinforcing basic HAI prevention and control measures.

Objective To investigate the effects of hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning (HBOP) on the serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) during physical load at acute hypoxia,and possible mechanism involved.Methods Eight healthy male volunteers ere enrolled in the study.Serum levels of IL-6 and MMP-9 were detected by ELISA under the following conditions:at sea level and during acute exposure to 4 000 m high altitude ; as well as during acute exposure to 4 000 m high altitude both at rest and with physical load,following 3-day,5-day and 7-day HBOP respectively.Results Serum levels of IL-6 and MMP-9 at 4 000 m high altitude and after physical exercise were greatly increased [(29.56 ± 1.26) ng/L、(285.25 ± 11.67)] mg/L],as compared with the control value at the sea level (27.74 ± 1.06)] ng/L、(269.88 ± 9.90) mg/L] (P ＜ 0.01 or P ＜ 0.05).After 5-day HBOP,serum levels of IL-6 and MMP-9 at rest and during acute hypoxia were greatly decreased [(23.26 ± 1.25) ng/L、(230.28 ± 11.96) ng/L],as compared with the control value at 4 000 m[(28.96 ± 1.38)ng/L、(281.50 ± 12.32) ng/L] (P ＜ 0.01).After 3-day and 7-day HBOP,serum levels of IL-6 and MMP-9 at acute hypoxia were greatly decreased after physical load,as compared with the control value at 4 000 m(P ＜0.01).Furthermore,serum levels of IL-6 and MMP-9 after 7-day HBOP were significantly lower than those after 3-day HBOP(P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions Serum levels of IL-6 and MMP-9 could be significantly increased after acute exposure to high altitude.HBOP could not only obviously decrease serum levels of IL-6 and MMP-9 at acute hypoxia,both at rest and after physical exercise,but effectively prevent functional disorder and tissue lesion induced by acute hypoxia,thus promoting physical performance at acute hypoxia.Furthermore,7-day HBOP could produce more significant effects.

Objective To investigate the effects of hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning (HBOP) on the serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) during physical load at acute hypoxia,and possible mechanism involved.Methods Eight healthy male volunteers ere enrolled in the study.Serum levels of IL-6 and MMP-9 were detected by ELISA under the following conditions:at sea level and during acute exposure to 4 000 m high altitude ; as well as during acute exposure to 4 000 m high altitude both at rest and with physical load,following 3-day,5-day and 7-day HBOP respectively.Results Serum levels of IL-6 and MMP-9 at 4 000 m high altitude and after physical exercise were greatly increased [(29.56 ± 1.26) ng/L、(285.25 ± 11.67)] mg/L],as compared with the control value at the sea level (27.74 ± 1.06)] ng/L、(269.88 ± 9.90) mg/L] (P ＜ 0.01 or P ＜ 0.05).After 5-day HBOP,serum levels of IL-6 and MMP-9 at rest and during acute hypoxia were greatly decreased [(23.26 ± 1.25) ng/L、(230.28 ± 11.96) ng/L],as compared with the control value at 4 000 m[(28.96 ± 1.38)ng/L、(281.50 ± 12.32) ng/L] (P ＜ 0.01).After 3-day and 7-day HBOP,serum levels of IL-6 and MMP-9 at acute hypoxia were greatly decreased after physical load,as compared with the control value at 4 000 m(P ＜0.01).Furthermore,serum levels of IL-6 and MMP-9 after 7-day HBOP were significantly lower than those after 3-day HBOP(P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions Serum levels of IL-6 and MMP-9 could be significantly increased after acute exposure to high altitude.HBOP could not only obviously decrease serum levels of IL-6 and MMP-9 at acute hypoxia,both at rest and after physical exercise,but effectively prevent functional disorder and tissue lesion induced by acute hypoxia,thus promoting physical performance at acute hypoxia.Furthermore,7-day HBOP could produce more significant effects.

Objective To investigate the pharmacokinetic profiles of baicalin and wogonoside in diabe-tic rats in vivo,which are two major constituents in Huanglian-Jiedu Decoction(HJD).Methods The diabetic rats were induced by ip administration of streptozotocin(STZ).After the establishment of the method and the set-up of diabetic rats,the pharmacokinetic profiles of baicalin and wogonoside were investigated.Diabetic and normal rats were ig HJD extract,and then the blood samples were collected at the given time points.Contents of baicalin and wogonoside in diabetic and normal rat plasma were assayed by HPLC-UV method.The pharmacokinetic parameters(except Cmax and tmax) were analyzed by noncompartmental method.The area under the serum concentration-time curve(AUC0-t) was calculated using trapezoidal rule to the last point.Moreover,the presystemic metabolism of baicalin was investigated and compared to explore the pharmacokinetic difference by fermentation of baicalin in feces suspensions of normal and diabetic rats,respectively.Results The pharmacokinetic parameters of baicalin in normal and diabe-tic rats were:(4.50?1.92) and(7.5?1.0) h for tmax 2;(2.83?0.25) and(9.54?2.87) ?g/mL for Cmax1,(2.56?0.63) and(6.58?1.15) ?g/mL for Cmax2;(37.58?7.57) and(92.75?24.62) ?g?h/mL for AUC(0～24),(6.6?2.4) and(12.64?3.35) h for t1/2,respectively.And the pharmacokinetic parameters of wogonoside in normal and diabetic rats were:(5.5?1.0) and(8.00?1.63) h for tmax 2;(1.36?0.17) and(6.16?1.40) ?g/mL for Cmax1;(1.58?0.17) and(4.11?0.76) ?g/mL for Cmax2;(27.02?3.72) and(58.16?16.43) ?g?h/mL for AUC(0～24);(9.72?2.24) and(7.89?1.63) h for t1/2,respectively.The results indicated that Cmax1,Cmax2,AUC(0～24) of baicalin and wogonoside were significantly enhanced and t1/2 of baicalin was remarkably extended when compared with the normal rats.And the results also revealed that baicalin contained in HJD hydrolyzed more rapidly when incubated in the feces suspension of diabetic rats than in that of normal rats.Conclusion The results indicate that the pharmacokinetic difference of baicalin between diabetic and normal rats may result from the presystemic metabolism of baicalin.